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Overview
Brief Summary
Sole has a flattened elongated body. It can burrow itself almost completely in a sandy or muddy bottom, where it mostly lives. Just like most other flatfish species, both eyes are located on the right side of the body. It looks for worms using feelers hanging under its chin. Sole is a nocturnal hunter. At night, this species sometimes swims far above the sea floor where the sea current carries it to other territories. When it comes time to spawn, it migrates to the same grounds in the southern North Sea every year.
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Comprehensive Description
Biology
Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). The Hastings Fleet Dover Sole fishery of this species has been certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (http://www.msc.org/) as well-managed and sustainable (http://www.msc.org/html/content_1216.htm).
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Desoutter, M. 1992 Soleidae. p. 860-865. In C. Levêque, D. Paugy, and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres d'Afrique de l'Ouest Tome 2. Faune Tropicale n° 28. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France, 902. (Ref. 7395)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=7395&speccode=525
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Description
Solea solea is a strongly compressed flatfish with eyes and snout on the right hand side. It is oval in shape with a rounded head and can grow up to 70 cm in length but is more commonly between 30-40 cm. Depending on the substratum the colour of the sole can vary between grey, reddish brown and grey-brown with dark blotches. The sole has two well developed pectoral fins, and the dorsal and anal fins connect to the base of the tail. The anal and dorsal fins have a narrow white margin and the upper pectoral fin has a distinct dark spot at the free end. There is also a series of fine stubble-like filaments around the head.The sole is similar to the solenette (Buglossidium luteum) however the solenette is much smaller, growing to a maximum of 13 cm, and has a less developed upper pectoral fin. Solea solea is also known as common or Dover sole and is an important food fish.
The sole is included in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan for commercial marine fish. It is, however, vulnerable to over exploitation and populations may be declining.
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Description
This is a right-eyed flatfish which has a very distinctive shaped head with a rounded snout and a small, down-turned mouth. There is a row of short, fine filaments surrounding the head and mouth. The dorsal fin starts in front of the eyes and runs the length of the body where it joins with the tail and anal fins. The edges of the dorsal and pelvic fins are usually white. The background colour is greyish-brown with darker blotches, the pectoral fin has a distinctive black tip. Adult fish are usually 30-40cm long however large individuals may grow to 60cm. The solenette is very similar in shape to the sole but only grows to 13cm. Two other soles occur around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, the sand sole (Pegusa lascaris) and the thickback sole (Microchirus variegatus) but they are much rarer and deeper water species, unlikely to be encountered by divers.
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Distribution
Baltic sea, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, Black Sea, Bray-Dunes, British Isles, Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone, European waters (ERMS scope), Greek Exclusive Economic Zone, Grevelingen, IJsselmeer, Irish Exclusive economic Zone, Israeli part of the Mediterranean Sea - Eastern Basin, Oostduinkerke, Oostende, Oosterschelde, Polish Exclusive Economic Zone, Schelde estuary, Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, Voordelta, Westerschelde, Wimereux, Zeeschelde
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Leewis, R. (2002). Flora en fauna van de zee [Marine flora and fauna]. Veldgids, 16. KNNV Uitgeverij: Utrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5011-153-X. 320 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1116
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1
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Poll, M. (1945). Contribution à la connaissance de la faune ichtyologique du Bas-Escaut. Bull. Mus. royal d'Hist. Nat. Belg./Med. Kon. Natuurhist. Mus. Belg. 21(11): 1-32
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1641
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Hostens, K. (2000). Spatial patterns and seasonality in the epibenthic communities of the Westerschelde (Southern Bight of the North Sea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 80: 27-36
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1139
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Hostens, K.; Hamerlynck, O. (1994). The mobile epifauna of the soft bottoms in the subtidal Oosterschelde estuary: structure, function and impact of the storm-surge barrier. Hydrobiologia 282-283: 479-496
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1142
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Leloup, E. (1951). Contributions à l'étude de la faune belge: 18. Observations sur des poissons marins en 1949. Med. K. Belg. Inst. Nat. Wet. 27(4): 1-12
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1661
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ILVO macrofauna data: macrofauna monitoring on the Belgian Part of the North Sea since 1979
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132965
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ILVO epifauna en demersale visdata: epifauna en demersale vismonitoring op het Belgisch deel van de Noordzee sinds 1979
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132964
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Maes, J.; Taillieu, A.; Van Damme, P.A.; Ollevier, F.P. (1997). The composition of the fish and crustacean community of the Zeeschelde estuary (Belgium). Belg. J. Zool. 127(1): 47-55
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=133007
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Van Damme, P.A.; Hostens, K.; Ollevier, F.P. (1994). Fish species of the lower Zeeschelde (Belgium): a comparison with historical checklists. Belg. J. Zool. 124(2): 93-103
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132986
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Parren, P.; Van Damme, P.; Ollevier, F.P. (1991). Population dynamics, spatial distribution and host-specificity of Lernaeocera lusci in the North Sea and the Delta area. Belg. J. Zool. 121 (suppl. 1): 34
http://www.marinespecies.org/copepoda/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=133000
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Lock, K.. 1996. Intertidale hyperbenthische gemeenschappen van zandstranden. (Intertidal hyperbenthic communities of sandy beaches.) B.Sc. Thesis, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium 95 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=100101
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Cattrijsse, A.; Vincx, M. (2001). Biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the Belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs: Brussel, Belgium. 48 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/mollusca/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=61
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Beyst, B. (2001). Epi- en hyperbenthische gemeenschappen van Belgische zandstranden [Epi- and hyperbenthic communities of Belgian sandy beaches]. PhD Thesis. Universiteit Gent. Instituut voor Dierkunde. Vakgroep morfologie, systematiek en ecologie: Gent, Belgium. 351 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=811
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Mees, J. (1994). Het hyperbenthos van ondiepe kustgebieden en estuaria: gemeenschapsstruktuur en biologie van de dominante soorten [The hyperbenthos of shallow coastal waters and estuaries: community structure and biology of the dominant species]. PhD Thesis. Universiteit Gent. Mariene Biologie. Instituut voor Dierkunde. Vakgroep Morfologie, Systematiek en Ecologie: Gent, Belgium. 212 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=815
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Hamerlynck, O.; Hostens, K.; Arellano, R.V.; Mees, J.; Vandamme, P.A. (1993). The mobile epibenthic fauna of soft bottoms in the Dutch Delta (south-west Netherlands): spatial structure. Pp 343-358 in Meire, P.; Vincx, M. (Ed.): Marine and estuarine gradients: ECSA 21: Proceedings of the 21th Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association held in Gent, 9-14 september 1991. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol., 27(2-4). Netherlands Society of Aquatic Ecology: Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1140
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van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374
http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1411
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MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149081
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Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010).
http://www.marinespecies.org/ascidiacea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149068
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Kedra, M. (2010). A Checklist of marine species occurring in Polish marine waters, compiled in the framework of the PESI EU FP7 project.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149084
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Galil, B.; Goren, M.; Mienis, H. (2011). Checklist of marine species in Israel. Compiled in the framework of the EU FP7 PESI project.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149096
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A.Boltachev & E. Karpova, IBSS NAS Ukraine
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149025
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Koukouras, Athanasios. (2010). Check-list of marine species from Greece. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Assembled in the framework of the EU FP7 PESI project.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=142068
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Lock, K.; Mees, J.; Vincx, M.; Goethals, P.L.M. (2011). Did global warming and alien invasions affect surf zone hyperbenthic communities on sandy beaches in Belgium? Hydrobiologia 664: 173-181, + suppl. mat.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=150292
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Breine, J.; Stevens, M.; Van den Bergh, E.; Maes, J. (2011). A reference list of fish species for a heavily modified transitional water: The Zeeschelde (Belgium) Belg. J. Zool. 141(1): 44-55
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=156540
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Dyntaxa (2013) Swedish Taxonomic Database. Accessed at www.dyntaxa.se [15-01-2013].
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=165516
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World Register of Marine Species
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Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal, including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).
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Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4710&speccode=53
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Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, eastern Atlantic: Norway to Senegal including Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde islands.
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Widespread all around the coasts of Britain and Ireland.
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Physical Description
Morphology
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 73 - 86; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 61 - 74
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Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4710&speccode=53
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Size
Max. size
70.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4710)); max. published weight: 3,000 g (Ref. 5504); max. reported age: 26 years (Ref. 32766)
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Deniel, C. 1990 Comparative study of growth of flatfishes on the west coast of Brittany. J. Fish Biol. 37(1):149-166. (Ref. 32766)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=32766&speccode=41
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Bristow, P. 1992 The illustrated encyclopedia of fishes. Chancellor Press, London. 303 p. (Ref. 5504)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5504&speccode=239
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Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4710&speccode=53
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Diagnostic Description
Body oval, head rounded. Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head. Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged. Dorsal fin beginning on upper profile of head. Eye side grayish-brown to reddish brown, with large and diffuse dark spots. Pectoral fin on eye side with a blackish blotch at posterior end of fin. Hind part of caudal fin generally darker than rest.
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Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4710&speccode=53
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Ecology
Habitat
Environment
demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302)
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=35388&speccode=37
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Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm 1989 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 6302)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6302&speccode=34
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Depth range based on 54522 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 19611 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -9 - 259
Temperature range (°C): 5.722 - 16.560
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.402 - 16.868
Salinity (PPS): 13.921 - 37.494
Oxygen (ml/l): 2.495 - 7.118
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 1.655
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 42.456
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -9 - 259
Temperature range (°C): 5.722 - 16.560
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.402 - 16.868
Salinity (PPS): 13.921 - 37.494
Oxygen (ml/l): 2.495 - 7.118
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 1.655
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 42.456
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 19611 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -9 - 259
Temperature range (°C): 5.722 - 16.560
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.402 - 16.868
Salinity (PPS): 13.921 - 37.494
Oxygen (ml/l): 2.495 - 7.118
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 1.655
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 42.456
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -9 - 259
Temperature range (°C): 5.722 - 16.560
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.402 - 16.868
Salinity (PPS): 13.921 - 37.494
Oxygen (ml/l): 2.495 - 7.118
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 1.655
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 42.456
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Solea solea is usually found on on sandy and muddy seabeds and also in estuarine habitats. The sole is present from depths of 1 to around 70 m, except in winter when it moves offshore and can be found down to depths of around 120 m.
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Depth: 0 - 200m.
Recorded at 200 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
Recorded at 200 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
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The sole usually lives on sandy and muddy seabeds in depths between 10-60m. They mainly hunt for food at night and feed on thin shelled bivalves, bristle-worms, small crustaceans and fish. During the day they lie on the seabed buried in sand with only the eyes showing.
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Migration
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Diseases and Parasites
Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases
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Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=48849&speccode=35
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Spawning takes place in shallow coastal waters at temperatures of 6 - 12°C. Reproduction starts after 3-5 years of age, when 25-30cm size is reached. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February-May (for example, off the coasts of Galicia), although in warmer areas(such as the Mediterranean), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. Incubation lasts about 5 days (at 1 2°) and larval phase 35 days (at 18°C).
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Quéro, J.-C., M. Desoutter and F. Lagardère 1986 Soleidae. p. 1308-1324. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4710)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4710&speccode=53
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Solea solea
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 6 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
Download FASTA File
There are 6 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
ACCCTCTATCTTGTATTTGGTGCCTGAGCTGGGATAGTCGGCACAGCCCTA---AGCCTACTAATTCGAGCTGAACTAAGCCAACCCGGCTCCCTTCTAGGAGAC---GATCAAATCTATAATGTTGTCGTTACTGCACATGCCTTCGTAATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATACCAGTAATGATTGGAGGCTTCGGAAACTGACTCATCCCCCTAATG---ATCGGAGCCCCCGATATAGCATTTCCCCGAATAAATAACATAAGTTTTTGACTCCTCCCCCCTGCTTTCCTGCTACTTCTCACCTCATCCGTTGTTGAAGCCGGGGCCGGGACAGGATGAACTGTCTACCCCCCTCTATCAAGTAACCTCGCCCATGCAGGTGCATCCGTCGACCTA---ACAATCTTCTCCCTCCACCTCGCCGGAGTGTCTTCAATCCTTGGGGCAATTAACTTTATCACAACCATCATTAATATGAAACCTGCCACTATAACAATATACCAAATACCCCTATTTGTTTGATCTGTATTAATTACCGCTGTCCTTCTACTTCTATCCCTACCAGTCTTAGCTGCG---GGTATTACAATACTTCTGACCGACCGAAACCTAAATACAACCTTCTTTGACCCTGCCGGGGGAGGAGACCCCGTCCTCTACCAACACCTA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TTC
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solea solea
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 12
Specimens with Barcodes: 39
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 12
Specimens with Barcodes: 39
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Threats
Not Evaluated
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: very high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=12108&speccode=4683
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Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9988&speccode=2065
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p. (Ref. 4931)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&speccode=228
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Anonymous 1997 Species kept in the Kiel Aquarium in August 1997. Unpublished. 4 p. (Ref. 13389)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=13389&speccode=1361
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Wikipedia
Common sole
The common sole, Dover sole, or black sole, Solea solea, is a species of flatfish in the Soleidae family. It has a preference for relatively shallow water with sand or mud covering the bottom. It is found in the Eastern Atlantic ocean, from the south of Norway to Senegal, and in almost all of the Mediterranean Sea. In the winter it withdraws to the somewhat warmer waters of the Southern North Sea.
In the UK Commercially a small sole is called a "slip".
The small eyes are close to each other on the right-hand side of the body. This gives the fish the possibility of lurking half-buried in the sand for passing prey. The common sole, just like all other flatfish, hatches as an "ordinary" fish with one eye on each side of the body. The young metamorphose to flatfish when they are about one cm long. The common sole approaches a maximum length of approximately 70 cm.
Chefs prize Dover sole for its mild, buttery sweet flavour and versatility and for its ease of filleting. The fish yields fillets that hold together well in a variety of recipes.[1]
The name "Dover" comes from Dover, the English fishing port landing the most sole in the 19th century.
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Sustainable consumption
In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the common sole to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."[2]
Other species named "Dover sole"
Because of its prestige, the name "Dover sole" was borrowed to name the eastern Pacific species Microstomus pacificus, a quite distinct species with different culinary properties: the Pacific sole has thinner, less firm fillets and sells for a lower price.
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Notes
- ^ "Sea Log". Santa Monica Seafood. 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list
References
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Solea solea" in FishBase. October 2008 version.
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