Mustelus higmani — Details

Smalleye Smooth-hound learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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Found on the continental shelf on muddy, sandy and calcareous bottoms. Also occurs in shallow brackish water. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and occasionally on bony fishes, squids, and coelenterates. Viviparous (with yolk-sac placenta), with 1 to 7 young per litter. Catches consisting of mainly adults of one sex suggest at least partial sexual segregation. Utilized for human consumption.

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=244&speccode=763

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Distribution

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Western Atlantic: northern coast of Venezuela southward to Brazil.

CervigÃ³n, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. MÃ¡rquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez 1992 Fichas FAO de identificaciÃ³n de especies para los fines de la pesca. GuÃa de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur AmÃ©rica. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD. (Ref. 5217) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5217&speccode=7

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Range Description

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Western Atlantic: Northern Gulf of Mexico between Florida and the Mississippi River Delta (USA). Venezuela (Curaçao), Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and south to southern Brazil (Sao Paulo State). In Brazil, occurs off Cabo Orange, near Cabo Norte, Mucuripe, Fortaleza, Recife, Maceio, Salvador, Vitoria, Santos, Espirito Santo and Sao Paulo (Compagno in prep. b)

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Gulf of Mexico

Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145245

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Western Atlantic.

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Physical Description

Size

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Maximum size: 700 mm TL

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Max. size

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70.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217))

CervigÃ³n, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. MÃ¡rquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez 1992 Fichas FAO de identificaciÃ³n de especies para los fines de la pesca. GuÃa de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur AmÃ©rica. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD. (Ref. 5217) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5217&speccode=7

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Type Information

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Holotype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 156930
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Year Collected: 1957
Locality: Surinam, Suriname, Atlantic
Vessel: Coquette

Holotype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187721
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam
Depth (m): 69 to 69
Vessel: Oregon

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187720
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam
Depth (m): 40
Vessel: Oregon

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187695
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam
Depth (m): 31 to 31
Vessel: Oregon

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187693
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off British Guiana
Depth (m): 46
Vessel: Oregon

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187697
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Year Collected: 1957
Locality: Off Surinam [sic]., Suriname, Atlantic
Depth (m): 26
Vessel: Coquette

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187698
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam
Depth (m): 22 to 22
Vessel: Coquette

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187723
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam
Depth (m): 26 to 26
Vessel: Coquette

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 187938
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam
Depth (m): 51 to 51
Vessel: Coquette

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 196546
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Off Surinam: Atlantic, Atlantic
Depth (m): 22 to 22
Vessel: Coquette

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Paratype; Paratype for Mustelus higmani Springer & Lowe
Catalog Number: USNM 221724
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Year Collected: 1958
Locality: Off Surinam, Suriname, Atlantic
Depth (m): 40
Vessel: Oregon

Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.; Paratype: Springer, S. & Lowe, R. 1963. Copeia. 1963 (2): 245, fig. 1; table 1.; Howe, J. C. & Springer, V. G. 1993. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. No. 540: 7.

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Ecology

Habitat

Environment

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demersal; brackish; marine; depth range ? - 900 m (Ref. 55584)

Kiraly, S.J., J.A. Moore and P.H. Jasinski 2003 Deepwater and other sharks of the U.S. Atlantic Ocean Exclusive Economic Zone. Mar. Fish. Rev. 65(4):1-64. (Ref. 55584) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=55584&speccode=652

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Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology

Found on the continental shelf on muddy, sandy and calcareous bottoms. Also occurs in shallow brackish water, and estuarine areas. In northern Brazil, caught in depths of 47 to 78 m (Bezerra et al. 1993, Gadig 1994). Compagno (in preparation b) reports occurrence from close inshore to 130 m depth. However, has also been recorded at depths of at least 1,281 m on the continental slope in the Gulf of Mexico.

Compagno (in prep. b) reports a maximum size of 64 cm TL (does not specify locality). Maximum length (northern Rio de Janeiro State): female 61.3 cm TL; male 58 cm TL. Females attain maturity around 42.5 cm TL in Brazil (Gadig 1994, Faria 2001) and males mature at 4 cm TL in northern Brazil (Gadig 1994) and at 47.5 cm TL in Rio de Janeiro State (southern Brazil) (Faria 2001). Size at birth: in Rio de Janeiro State, the largest embryo was 22.9 cm TL, and the smallest captured individual was 21.6 cm TL. Viviparous (with yolksac placenta), with 1 to 7 young per litter, with an average of four in southern Rio de Janeiro State (Faria 2001), and most commonly 3 to 5 (Compagno in prep. b).

Feeds mainly on crustaceans and occasionally on bony fishes, squids, and coelenterates.

Systems

Marine

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Depth range based on 31 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 19 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 22 - 850
  Temperature range (°C): 24.485 - 26.897
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.608 - 4.106
  Salinity (PPS): 35.683 - 36.420
  Oxygen (ml/l): 3.949 - 4.616
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.174 - 0.380
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.313 - 4.128

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 22 - 850

Temperature range (°C): 24.485 - 26.897

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.608 - 4.106

Salinity (PPS): 35.683 - 36.420

Oxygen (ml/l): 3.949 - 4.616

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.174 - 0.380

Silicate (umol/l): 2.313 - 4.128

Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

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Depth: 0 - 101m.
Recorded at 101 meters.

Habitat: demersal. Found on the continental shelf on muddy, sandy and calcareous bottoms. Also occurs in shallow brackish water. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and occasionally on bony fishes, squids, and coelenterates. Viviparous (with yolk-sac placenta), with 1 to 7 young per litter. Catches consisting of mainly adults of one sex suggest at least partial sexual segregation. Utilized for human consumption.

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Trophic Strategy

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Found on the continental shelf on muddy, sandy and calcareous bottoms. Also occurs in shallow brackish water. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and occasionally on bony fishes, squids, and coelenterates.

CortÃ©s, E. 1999 Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 56:707-717. (Ref. 33559) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=33559&speccode=635

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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

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Viviparous, with a yolk-sac placenta (Ref. 244).

Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=205&speccode=1256

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category

LC

Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version

3.1

Year Assessed

2006

Assessor/s

Faria, V. & Furtado, M.

Reviewer/s

Musick, J.A., Kyne, P.M., Cavanagh, R.D. & Stevens, J.D. (Shark Red List Authority)

Justification

Mustelus higmani is a small (to 64 cm total length) and presumably fast-growing widespread mustelid. It is locally common to abundant where it occurs in the tropical Western Atlantic (northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil). It is probably taken as bycatch in coastal fisheries throughout its range, however at this stage information is only available from Brazil. In Brazil it is taken as bycatch in shrimp trawl and gillnet fisheries, marketed in some regions (although at low value), and discarded in others. Although taken in numerous fisheries, it is considered to be Least Concern due to its widespread distribution, productive biology (for a chondrichthyan) and common to abundant status. Information is lacking from other parts of its range, but the situation elsewhere is thought to be similar to Brazil (which comprises the greater part of its distribution). However, further research is required and monitoring of catches in all parts of its range is necessary.

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Trends

Population

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Population

This species is locally common to abundant where it occurs (Compagno in preparation b).

Brazil:
Described as very abundant off the northern coast of Brazil (Amapá State) based on samples in 1987 (Bezerra 1993) although there is no information available for this area today. At the present time it is known to be abundant off northern Rio de Janeiro, southern Brazil (possibly the largest population is at its southern range limit) (Faria and Di Beneditto 2000, Faria 2001). The distribution of this species along the northeastern coast of Brazil is unclear.

Possible nursery area in northern Rio de Janeiro in shallow estuarine waters (5?9 m). Birth occurs in summer months (December to February) and juveniles are present year-round (Faria 2001).

Season of abundance: off the northern Rio de Janeiro coast this species peaks in abundance (both males and females) in summer (December to February). Adult females have been sampled in shallow estuarine waters only in summer months, suggesting a seasonal reproductive and/or feeding migration (Faria 2001).

Population Trend

Unknown

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Threats

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Least Concern (LC)

IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073

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Major Threats

Shrimp trawl fisheries in northern Brazil (Amapá State) (Bezerra et al. 1993, Gadig 1994) and southern Brazil: northern Rio de Janeiro (bycatch). Caught in gillnets in northern Rio de Janeiro (more selective for adults) (Faria and Di Beneditto 2000, Faria 2001). Species-specific catch data are not available for these fisheries.

There is no information available on catches in other parts of the species? range.

UTILISATION:
In Amapá State, the bycatch is discarded. In northern Rio de Janeiro State it is retained, but has low value.

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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions

Required: Monitoring of fisheries and community-based initiatives regarding habitat management. Data are specifically required from outside of Brazil, however, catch monitoring should also be undertaken in that country.

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: commercial

Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=171&speccode=2534

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Wikipedia

Smalleye smooth-hound

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The smalleye smooth-hound, Mustelus higmani, is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, found on the continental shelves of the western Atlantic between latitudes 11° N and 36° S, from the surface to 900 m. Its length is up to 70 cm.

Reproduction is viviparous, with 1 to 7 pups in a litter.

References

Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Mustelus higmani" in FishBase. July 2006 version.

Extant shark species

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii

Order Hexanchiformes

Chlamydoselachidae

Chlamydoselachus	Frilled shark (C. anguineus) Southern African frilled shark (C. africana)

Hexanchidae
(Cow sharks)

Heptranchias	Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo)

Hexanchus	Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus) Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai)

Notorynchus	Broadnose sevengill shark (N. cepedianus)

Order Squaliformes

Centrophoridae
(Gulper sharks)

Centrophorus	Needle dogfish (C. acus) Dwarf gulper shark (C. atromarginatus) Gulper shark (C. granulosus) Dumb gulper shark (C. harrissoni) Blackfin gulper shark (C. isodon) Lowfin gulper shark (C. lusitanicus) Smallfin gulper shark (C. moluccensis) Taiwan gulper shark (C. niaukang) Leafscale gulper shark (C. squamosus) Mosaic gulper shark (C. tessellatus) Little gulper shark (C. uyato)

Deania	Birdbeak dogfish (D. calcea) Rough longnose dogfish (D. hystricosa) Arrowhead dogfish (D. profundorum) Longsnout dogfish (D. quadrispinosum)

Euprotomicroides	Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia)

Heteroscymnoides	Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi)

Mollisquama	Pocket shark (M. parini)

Dalatias	Kitefin shark (D. licha)

Isistius	Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis) South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis) Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus)

Euprotomicrus	Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus)

Squaliolus	Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae) Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus)

Echinorhinus	Bramble shark (E. brucus) Prickly shark (E. cookei)

Aculeola	Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra)

Centroscyllium	Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum) Black dogfish (C. fabricii) Granular dogfish (C. granulatum) Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai) Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum) Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum) Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri)

Etmopterus (Lantern sharks)	New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri) Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi) Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus) Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi) E. burgessi Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri) Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus) Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus) Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus) E. dislineatus Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi) Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus) Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis) Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus) Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus) Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi) Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer) Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri) Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi) African lanternshark (E. polli) Great lanternshark (E. princeps) False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus) Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus) Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis) West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi) Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi) Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus) Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax) Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus) Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis) Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor) Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus) Green lanternshark (E. virens)

Miroscyllium	Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi)

Trigonognathus	Viper dogfish (T. kabeyai)

Oxynotidae
(Rough sharks)

Oxynotus	Prickly dogfish (O. bruniensis) Caribbean roughshark (O. caribbaeus) Angular roughshark (O. centrina) Japanese roughshark (O. japonicus) Sailfin roughshark (O. paradoxus)

Somniosidae
(Sleeper sharks)

Centroscymnus	Portuguese dogfish (C. coelolepis) Shortnose velvet dogfish (C. cryptacanthus) Roughskin dogfish (C. owstoni)

Centroselachus	Longnose velvet dogfish (C. crepidater)

Proscymnodon	Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus) Plunket shark (P. plunketi)

Scymnodalatias	Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda) Azores dogfish (S. garricki) Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon) Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi)

Scymnodon	Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus) Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens)

Somniosus	Southern sleeper shark (S. antarcticus) Frog shark (S. longus ) Greenland shark (S. microcephalus) Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus) Little sleeper shark (S. rostratus)

Zameus	Japanese velvet dogfish (Z. ichiharai) Velvet dogfish (Z. squamulosus)

Squalidae
(Dogfish sharks)

Cirrhigaleus	Roughskin spurdog (C. asper) Mandarin dogfish (C. barbifer)

Squalus (Spurdogs)	Spiny dogfish (S. acanthias) Eastern highfin spurdog (S. albifrons) S. acutirostris Western highfin spurdog (S. altipinnis) Longnose spurdog (S. blainville) Fatspine spurdog (S. crassispinus) Cuban dogfish (S. cubensis) Eastern longnose spurdog (S. grahami) Japanese spurdog (S. japonicus) Shortnose spurdog (S. megalops) Blacktailed spurdog (S. melanurus) Shortspine spurdog (S. mitsukurii) Bartail spurdog (S. notocaudatus) Western longnose spurdog (S. nasutus) Cyrano spurdog (S. rancureli) Squalus suckleyi

Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)

Pristiophoridae

Pliotrema	Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni)

Pristiophorus	Longnose sawshark (P. cirratus) Tropical sawshark (P. delicatus) Japanese sawshark (P. japonicus) Shortnose sawshark (P. nudipinnis) Bahamas sawshark (P. schroederi) Eastern Australian sawshark (Pristiophorus peroniensis) Philippine sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. C) Dwarf sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. D)

Order Squatiniformes (Angel sharks)

Squatina

Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)

Heterodontus	Horn shark (H. francisci) Crested bullhead shark (H. galeatus) Japanese bullhead shark (H. japonicus) Mexican hornshark (H. mexicanus) Oman bullhead shark (H. omanensis) Port Jackson shark (H. portusjacksoni) Galapagos bullhead shark (H. quoyi) Whitespotted bullhead shark (H. ramalheira) Zebra bullhead shark (H. zebra)

Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)

Brachaelurus	Blind shark (B. waddi)

Heteroscyllium	Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi)

Ginglymostomatidae
(Nurse sharks)

Ginglymostoma	Nurse shark (G. cirratum)

Nebrius	Tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus)

Pseudoginglymostoma	Short-tail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum)

Hemiscylliidae
(Bamboo sharks)

Chiloscyllium	Arabian carpetshark (C. arabicum) Burmese bamboo shark (C. burmensis) Bluespotted bamboo shark (C. caerulopunctatum) Grey bamboo shark (C. griseum) Hasselt's bamboo shark (C. hasseltii) Slender bamboo shark (C. indicum) Whitespotted bamboo shark (C. plagiosum) Brownbanded bamboo shark (C. punctatum)

Hemiscyllium	Indonesian speckled carpetshark (H. freycineti) H. galei Papuan epaulette shark (H. hallstromi) H. henryi Epaulette shark (H. ocellatum) Hooded carpetshark (H. strahani) Speckled carpetshark (H. trispeculare)

Orectolobidae
(Wobbegongs)

Eucrossorhinus	Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon)

Orectolobus	Floral banded wobbegong (O. floridus) Banded wobbegong (O. halei) Western wobbegong (O. hutchinsi) Japanese wobbegong (O. japonicus) Spotted wobbegong (O. maculatus) Ornate wobbegong (O. ornatus) Dwarf spotted wobbegong (O. parvimaculatus) Network wobbegong (O. reticulatus) Northern wobbegong (O. wardi)

Sutorectus	Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus)

Parascylliidae
(Collared carpet sharks)

Cirrhoscyllium	Barbelthroat carpetshark (C. expolitum) Taiwan saddled carpetshark (C. formosanum) Saddle carpetshark (C. japonicum)

Parascyllium	Collared carpetshark (P. collare) Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum) Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum) Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum)

Rhincodon	Whale shark (R. typus)

Stegostomatidae

Stegostoma	Zebra shark (S. fasciatum)

Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)

Hemigaleidae
(Weasel sharks)

Hemipristis	Snaggletooth shark (H. elongata)

Chaenogaleus	Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma)

Hemigaleus	Australian weasel shark (H. australiensis) Sicklefin weasel shark (H. microstoma)

Paragaleus	Whitetip weasel shark (P. leucolomatus) Atlantic weasel shark (P. pectoralis) Slender weasel shark (P. randalli) Straight-tooth weasel shark (P. tengi)

Leptocharias	Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii)

Proscylliidae
(Finback sharks)

Ctenacis	Harlequin catshark (C. fehlmanni)

Eridacnis	Cuban ribbontail catshark (E. barbouri) Pygmy ribbontail catshark (E. radcliffei) African ribbontail catshark (E. sinuans)

Proscyllium	Graceful catshark (P. habereri) P. venustum

Pseudotriakidae

Gollum	Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus)

Pseudotriakis	False catshark (P. microdon)

Sphyrnidae
(Hammerhead sharks)

Eusphyra	Winghead shark (E. blochii)

Sphyrna	Scalloped bonnethead (S. corona) Whitefin hammerhead (S. couardi) Scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini) Scoophead (S. media) Great hammerhead (S. mokarran) Bonnethead (S. tiburo) Smalleye hammerhead (S. tudes) Smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena)

Triakidae
(Houndsharks)

Furgaleus	Whiskery shark (F. macki)

Galeorhinus	School shark (G. galeus)

Gogolia	Sailback houndshark (G. filewoodi)

Hemitriakis	Deepwater sicklefin hound shark (H. abdita) Sicklefin hound shark (H. falcata) Japanese topeshark (H. japanica) Whitefin topeshark (H. leucoperiptera) Ocelate topeshark (Hemitriakis Sp.A)

Hypogaleus	Blacktip tope (H. hyugaensis)

Iago	Longnose houndshark (I. garricki) Bigeye houndshark (I. omanensis) Lowfin houndshark (Iago Sp.A)

Mustelus (Smooth-hounds)	M. albipinnis Gummy shark (M. antarcticus) Starry smooth-hound (M. asterias) Grey smooth-hound (M. californicus) Dusky smooth-hound (M. canis) Sharptooth smooth-hound (M. dorsalis) Striped smooth-hound (M. fasciatus) Spotless smooth-hound (M. griseus) Brown smooth-hound (M. henlei) *Smalleye smooth-hound (M. higmani)* Spotted estuary smooth-hound (M. lenticulatus) Sicklefin smooth-hound (M. lunulatus) Starspotted smooth-hound (M. manazo) Speckled smooth-hound (M. mento) M. minicanis Arabian smooth-hound (M. mosis) Common smooth-hound (M. mustelus) Narrowfin smooth-hound (M. norrisi) Whitespotted smooth-hound (M. palumbes) Blackspotted smooth-hound (M. punctulatus) M. ravidus Narrownose smooth-hound (M. schmitti) Gulf smoothhound (M. sinusmexicanus) Humpback smooth-hound (M. whitneyi) M. widodoi

Scylliogaleus	Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti)

Triakis	Sharpfin houndshark (T. acutipinna) Spotted houndshark (T. maculata) Sharptooth houndshark (T. megalopterus) Banded houndshark (T. scyllium) Leopard shark (T. semifasciata)

Large family listed below

Large family listed below

Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)

Carcharhinus	Blacknose shark (C. acronotus) Silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus) Bignose shark (C. altimus) Graceful shark (C. amblyrhynchoides) Grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos) Pigeye shark (C. amboinensis) Borneo shark (C. borneensis) Copper shark (C. brachyurus) Spinner shark (C. brevipinna) Nervous shark (C. cautus) Whitecheek shark (C. dussumieri) Silky shark (C. falciformis) Creek whaler (C. fitzroyensis) Galapagos shark (C. galapagenisis) Pondicherry shark (C. hemiodon) Finetooth shark (C. isodon) Smoothtooth blacktip shark (C. leiodon) Bull shark (C. leucas) Blacktip shark (C. limbatus) Oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus) Hardnose shark (C. macloti) Blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus) Dusky shark (C. obscurus) Caribbean reef shark (C. perezii) Sandbar shark (C. plumbeus) Smalltail shark (C. porosus) Blackspot shark (C. sealei) Night shark (C. signatus) Spottail shark (C. sorrah) Australian blacktip shark (C. tilstoni)

Galeocerdo	Tiger shark (G. cuvier)

Glyphis (River sharks)	Ganges shark (G. gangeticus) Northern river shark (G. garricki) Speartooth shark (G. glyphis) Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis) Borneo river shark (Glyphis sp. B)

Isogomphodon	Daggernose shark (I. oxyrhynchus)

Lamiopsis	Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)

Loxodon	Sliteye shark (L. macrorhinus)

Nasolamia	Whitenose shark (N. velox)

Negaprion	Sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens) Lemon shark (N. brevirostris)

Prionace	Blue shark (P. glauca)

Rhizoprionodon	Milk shark (R. acutus) Brazilian sharpnose shark (R. lalandii) Pacific sharpnose shark (R. longurio) Grey sharpnose shark (R. oligolinx) Caribbean sharpnose shark (R. porosus) Australian sharpnose shark (R. taylori) Atlantic sharpnose shark (R. terraenovae)

Scoliodon	Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus)

Triaenodon	Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus)

Family Scyliorhinidae (Catsharks)

Apristurus	Flatnose cat shark (A. acanutus) A. albisoma A. aphyodes Atlantic ghost catshark (A. atlanticus) Brown catshark (A. brunneus) Hoary catshark (A. canutus) Flaccid catshark (A. exsanguis) A. fedorovi Humpback cat shark (A. gibbosus) Longfin catshark (A. herklotsi) Smallbelly catshark (A. indicus) A. internatus Broadnose catshark (A. investigatoris) Japanese catshark (A. japonicus) Longnose catshark (A. kampae) Iceland catshark (A. laurussonii) Longhead catshark (A. longicephalus) Flathead catshark (A. macrorhynchus) Broadmouth cat shark (A. macrostomus) Ghost catshark (A. manis) Black roughscale catshark (A. melanoasper) Smalleye catshark (A. microps) Smalldorsal cat shark (A. micropterygeus) Largenose catshark (A. nasutus) Smallfin catshark (A. parvipinnis) A. pinguis Spatulasnout catshark (A. platyrhynchus) Deepwater catshark (A. profundorum) Broadgill catshark (A. riveri) Saldanha catshark (A. saldanha) Pale catshark (A. sibogae) South China catshark (A. sinensis) Spongehead catshark (A. spongiceps) Panama ghost catshark (A. stenseni)

Asymbolus	Australian spotted catshark (A. analis) A. funebris Western spotted catshark (A. occiduus) Pale spotted catshark (A. pallidus) A. parvus A. rubiginosus Variegated catshark (A. submaculatus) Gulf catshark (A. vincenti)

Atelomycterus	A. baliensis Banded sand catshark (A. fasciatus) Australian marbled catshark (A. macleayi) Coral catshark (A. marmoratus)

Aulohalaelurus	New Caledonia catshark (A. kanakorum) Australian blackspotted catshark (A. labiosus)

Cephaloscyllium	Whitefin swellshark (C. albipinnum) Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (C. circulopullum) Cook's swellshark (C. cooki) Reticulated swellshark (C. fasciatum) Australian reticulate swellshark (C. hicosellum) Draughtsboard shark (C. isabellum) Australian swellshark (C. laticeps) Spotted swellshark (C. maculatum) Leopard-spotted swellshark (C. pardelotum) Painted swellshark (C. pictum) Sarawak pygmy swellshark (C. sarawakensis) Flagtail swellshark (C. signourum) Indian swellshark (C. silasi) Speckled swellshark (C. speccum) Balloon shark (C. sufflans) Blotchy swellshark (C. umbratile) Saddled swellshark (C. variegatum) Swellshark (C. ventriosum) Narrowbar swellshark (C. zebrum)

Cephalurus	Lollipop catshark (C. cephalus)

Figaro	Australian sawtail catshark (F. boardmani) Northern sawtail catshark (F. striatus)

Galeus	Antilles catshark (G. antillensis) Roughtail catshark (G. arae) Atlantic sawtail cat shark (G. atlanticus) Longfin sawtail cat shark (G. cadenati) Gecko catshark (G. eastmani) Slender sawtail catshark (G. gracilis) Longnose sawtail cat shark (G. longirostris) Blackmouth catshark (G. melastomus) Southern sawtail catshark (G. mincaronei) Mouse catshark (G. murinus) Broadfin sawtail catshark (G. nipponensis) Peppered catshark (G. piperatus) African sawtail catshark (G. polli) G. priapus Blacktip sawtail catshark (G. sauteri) Dwarf sawtail catshark (G. schultzi) Springer's sawtail cat shark (G. springeri)

Halaelurus	Arabian catshark (H. alcockii) Speckled catshark (H. boesemani) Blackspotted catshark (H. buergeri) Dusky catshark (H. canescens) Broadhead cat shark (H. clevai) New Zealand catshark (H. dawsoni) Bristly catshark (H. hispidus) Spotless catshark (H. immaculatus) Lined catshark (H. lineatus) Mud catshark (H. lutarius) Tiger catshark (H. natalensis) Quagga catshark (H. quagga)

Haploblepharus	Puffadder shyshark (H. edwardsii) Brown shyshark (H. fuscus) Natal shyshark (H. kistnasamyi) Dark shyshark (H. pictus)

Holohalaelurus	H. favus H. grennian Crying izak (H. melanostigma) African spotted catshark (H. punctatus) Izak catshark (H. regani)

Parmaturus	White-tip catshark (P. albimarginatus) White-clasper catshark (P. albipenis) Beige catshark (P. bigus) Campeche catshark (P. campechiensis) Velvet catshark (P. lanatus) McMillan's catshark (P. macmillani) Blackgill catshark (P. melanobranchus) Salamander shark (P. pilosus) Filetail catshark (P. xaniurus) Shorttail catshark (Parmaturus sp. A)

Pentanchus	Onefin catshark (P. profundicolus)

Poroderma	Pyjama catshark (P. africanum) Leopard catshark (P. pantherinum)

Schroederichthys	Narrowmouthed catshark (S. bivius) Redspotted catshark (S. chilensis) Narrowtail catshark (S. maculatus) Lizard catshark (S. saurisqualus) Slender catshark (S. tenuis)

Scyliorhinus	Polkadot catshark (S. besnardi) Boa catshark (S. boa) Small-spotted catshark (S. canicula) Yellowspotted catshark (S. capensis) West African catshark (S. cervigoni) Comoro cat shark (S. comoroensis) Brownspotted catshark (S. garmani) Freckled catshark (S. haeckelii) Whitesaddled catshark (S. hesperius) Blotched catshark (S. meadi) Chain catshark (S. retifer) Nursehound (S. stellaris) Izu cat shark (S. tokubee) Cloudy catshark (S. torazame) Dwarf catshark (S. torrei)

Order Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)

Alopias (Thresher sharks)	Pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus) Bigeye thresher (A. superciliosus) Common thresher (A. vulpinus)

Cetorhinus	Basking shark (C. maximus)

Carcharodon	Great white shark (C. carcharias)

Isurus	Shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus) Longfin mako shark (I. paucus)

Lamna	Salmon shark (L. ditropis) Porbeagle (L. nasus)

Megachasma	Megamouth shark (M. pelagios)

Mitsukurina	Goblin shark (M. owstoni)

Carcharias	Grey nurse shark (C. taurus) Indian sand tiger (C. tricuspidatus)

Odontaspis	Smalltooth sand tiger (O. ferox) Bigeye sand tiger (O. noronhai)

Pseudocarchariidae

Pseudocarcharias	Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai)

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