The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List (December, 2007) http://www.iucnredlist.org
• 2. Kingdon, J. (1997) The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press Limited, London.
• 3. Stuart, C. and Stuart, T. (1997) Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers, London.
• 4. Wiesel, I. (2008) Pers. Comm.
• 5. Mills, M.G.L. and Bearder, S.K. (2006) Hyena Family. In: Macdonald, D.W. Ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 6. Mills, G. and Hes, L. (1997) The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
• 7. IUCN Hyaena Specialist Group (December, 2007) http://www.hyaenidae.org/
• Attenborough, D., D. Jones, B. Salisbury, M. Salisbury. 2002. The Life of Mammals - Episode 5 - Meat Eaters. Netflix: BBC Natural History Unit.
• Gorman, M., M. Mills. 1984. Scent marking strategies in hyaenas (Mammalia). Journal of Zoology, Volume 202, Issue 4: 535-547.
• Hulsman, A., F. Dalerum, L. Swanepoel, A. Ganswindt, C. Sutherland, M. Paris. 2010. Patterns of scat deposition by brown hyaenas Hyaena brunnea in a mountain savannah region of South Africa. Wildlife Biology, Volume 16, Issue 4: 445-451. Accessed March 14, 2011 at http://www.bioone.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/full/10.2981/09-110.
• Maude, G. 2005. "The Comparative Ecology of the Brown Hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) in Makgadikgadi National Park and a Neighbouring Community Cattle Area in Botswana" (On-line pdf). Accessed March 13, 2011 at http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/thesis/maude_2005_msc.pdf.
• Mills, M. 1982. Factors affecting group size and territory size of the Brown hyaena, Hyaena brunnea in the southern Kalahari. Journal of Zoology, Volume 198, Issue 1: 39-51.
• Mills, M. 1982. Hyaena brunnea. Mammalian Species, No. 194: 1-5. Accessed March 14, 2011 at http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-194-01-0001.pdf.
• Mills, M. 1982. The Mating System of the Brown Hyaena, Hyaena brunnea in the Southern Kalahari. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Volume 10, Issue 2: 131-136. Accessed March 01, 2011 at http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/p277045672242104/fulltext.pdf.
• Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
• Nowak, R. 2005. Walker's Carnivores of the World. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press. Accessed April 06, 2011 at http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0q5aHw2mFi8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Walker%27s+carnivores+of+the+world+by+Ronald+M.+Nowak,+published+by+JHU+Press,+2005&ots=mhE0hwuAY1&sig=hAAZ97FzvGP1j4MojTOvvnaZq0Q#v=onepage&q=brown%20hyena&f=false.
• Owens, D., M. Owens. 1979. Communal denning and clan associations in brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea, Thunberg) of the central Kalahari Desert. African Journal of Ecology, Volume 17, Issue 1: 35-44. Accessed March 01, 2011 at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1979.tb00454.x/pdf.
• Owens, D., M. Owens. 1996. Social dominance and reproductive patterns in brown hyaenas, Hyaena brunnea, of the central Kalahari desert. Animal Behaviour, Volume 51, Issue 3: 535-551. Accessed March 14, 2011 at http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6W9W-45N4RDS-5J-1&_cdi=6693&_user=99318&_pii=S0003347296900585&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F1996&_sk=999489996&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzS&md5=bd835247ae220c9a0c86df4ef75809f5&ie=/sdarticle.pdf.
• Owens, M., D. Owens. 1978. Feeding ecology and its influence on social organization in Brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea, Thunberg) of the Central Kalahari Desert. African Journal of Ecology, Volume 16, Issue 2: 113-135. Accessed March 01, 2011 at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1978.tb00433.x/pdf.
• Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.
• Ronald Nowak (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.
• Skinner, J., C. Chimimba. 2005. The Mammals of the southern African Subregion. Cape Town, South Africa: Cambridge University Press. Accessed March 28, 2011 at http://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=hyaena%20brunnea&f=false.
• Skinner, J., R. van Aarde. 1991. Bone collecting by brown hyaenas Hyaena brunnea in the central Namib Desert, Namibia. Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 18, Issue 5: 513-523. Accessed March 01, 2011 at http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WH8-4D75SYP-3K&_user=99318&_coverDate=09/30/1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000007678&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=99318&md5=c35775776a027927b6d5eba3d6ff8a98&searchtype=a.
• Stuart, C., T. Stuart. 2001. Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. Accessed March 28, 2011 at http://books.google.com/books?id=sdY_sa1FPw0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
• Thunberg, 2010. Hyaena brunnea Thunberg, 1820. Pp. 925983 in T Orrell, ed. Encyclopedia of Life, Vol. N/A, N/A Edition. Web: Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed March 27, 2011 at http://www.eol.org/pages/925983.
• Wiesel, I. 2008. "ARKive - Images of Life on Earth" (On-line). Brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea). Accessed March 03, 2011 at http://www.arkive.org/brown-hyaena/hyaena-brunnea/.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142