Lonchura malacca — Details

Tricolored Munia learn more about names for this taxon

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Overview

Distribution

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occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations

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National Distribution

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United States

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

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Global Range: RESIDENT: from central and southern India and Sri Lanka. Introduced and established in Hawaiian Islands (Oahu), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Venezuela, and Japan. Reportedly bred in the 1960s in Florida but not established; this record may also refer to L. ATRICAPILLA (AOU 2000).

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Physical Description

Size

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Length: 12 cm

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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Systems
  • Terrestrial
  • Freshwater
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Comments: Second growth, scrub, grassland, cultiv. land, marshes, and around houses. In Puerto Rico prefers high grass next to sugar cane fields, "swampy" areas, or canals (Raffaele 1983). Hawaii: golf courses, grassy roadsides, weedy margins of cane fields. In native range, frequently nests in vegetation above water. In Puerto Rico, nests 1-3 m above ground in dense sugar cane (Raffaele 1983); also found nesting in clumps of Cyperus growing on top of coconut palm stumps in lagoon (as at Humacao, Burger and Gochfeld 1989).

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Migration

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Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

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Trophic Strategy

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Comments: See Raffaele (1989) for details on diet in Puerto Rico (where SORGHUM seeds are an important food).

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General Ecology

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Forms small to large flocks.

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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

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Clutch size usually is 4-5 (Raffaele 1983).

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Lonchura malacca

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. 

 
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.  Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.  See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
 
SIBHI046-11|USNM 643563|Lonchura malacca| ------------------------------------------CTGTACCTAATTTTCGGCGCCTGAGCCGGAATAGTAGGTACCGCCCTA---AGCCTCCTCATTCGAGCAGAACTAGGCCAACCCGGAGCCCTACTAGGAGAC---GACCAAGTTTACAACGTTGTCGTCACAGCCCATGCTTTCGTAATAATTTTCTTCATAGTTATACCTATTATAATCGGGGGGTTCGGAAACTGACTAGTCCCCTTAATA---ATCGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCATTCCCACGAATAAACAACATAAGCTTCTGACTCCTTCCCCCCTCATTCCTTCTACTACTAGCATCCTCAACAGTAGAAGCAGGGGCCGGAACAGGCTGAACAGTATATCCACCACTAGCCGGAAACTTAGCCCACGCCGGAGCCTCAGTAGACCTA---GCCATCTTCTCACTGCACCTAGCAGGTATCTCCTCTATCCTAGGGGCAATCAACTTCATCACAACAGCAATCAACATAAAACCGCCCGCCCTGTCACAATACCAAACCCCCCTATTCGTGTGATCCGTCTTAATTACCGCAGTCCTACTCCTTCTATCTCTCCCCGTTCTCGCTGCA---GGAATCACAATACTTCTCACAGACCGCAACCTAAACACAACATTCTTCGACCCCGCAGGAGGAGGAGACCCAGTACTGTACCAGCACCTATTCTGATTCTTTGGCCACCCAGAAGTCTACATCCTAATCCTA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
-- end --

Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Lonchura malacca

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2009

Assessor/s
BirdLife International

Reviewer/s
Bird, J., Butchart, S.

Contributor/s

Justification
This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

History
  • 2008
    Least Concern
  • 2004
    Least Concern
  • 1994
    Not Recognized
  • 1988
    Not Recognized
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National NatureServe Conservation Status

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United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

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NatureServe Conservation Status

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Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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Population

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Population
The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as locally common (Clement 1999).
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Economic Uses

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Comments: Kept as cage bird.

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Wikipedia

Tricoloured Munia

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The Tricoloured Munia Lonchura malacca is a estrildid finch, native to India and Sri Lanka. The species was also introduced to Australia, Cuba, Hispaniola, Honduras, Jamaica, Japan, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and Venezuela.

Taxonomic note

LonchuraMalacca.svg

Lonchura malacca (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) has been split into L. malacca (Tricoloured Munia) and L. atricapilla (Black-headed Munia or Chestnut Munia).

Habitat

The Tricoloured Munia is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It inhabits wet grassland habitats. It may also be found in tropical lowland moist forest habitats.

References

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Names and Taxonomy

Taxonomy

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Comments: Formerly merged with L. ATRICAPILLA and called the Chestnut Mannikin (AOU 1998), but these species split by AOU (2000), following Restall (1995). L. FERRUGINOSA often has been considered conspecific with L. MALACCA; treated as separate species by Sibley and Monroe (1990).

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