Overview
Distribution
Geographic Range
Sheetweb weavers are one of the biggest families of spiders in the world, and they are found all around the world. There are at least 60 species in Michigan, and probably more that are not yet known.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native )
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Sheetweb weavers are small, dark, shiny spiders that build interesting webs. They are less then 8 mm long. Like all spiders they have two body-segments, a cephalothorax in front and an abdomen behind. They have eight legs, all attached to the cephalothorax. On the front of the cephalothorax are the fangs, the eyes, and two small "mini-legs" called pedipalps. The pedipalps are used to grab prey, and in mating, and are much bigger in male spiders than in females. Sheetweb spiders have eight eyes in two rows of four. They have fangs that they use to bite their prey with, and venom glands. On their fangs are rough spots that they can rub together to make sounds.
It is impossible for us to tell the difference between a sheetweb weaver and a cobweb weaver except by looking at their webs (see below for more on sheetwebs).
Range length: 1.5 to 8.0 mm.
Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry
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Ecology
Habitat
Sheetweb weavers are found in all kinds of habitats: anywhere there are small insects and at least a little vegetation to build their webs on.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; taiga ; desert or dune ; chaparral ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest ; mountains
Wetlands: swamp
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Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Spiders in this family spin small horizontal sheets of webbing, or domes (see the pictures for an example). They hang upside-down underneath the web, and when a small Insecta or other animal walks across it, they bite through the silk, then grab their prey and pull it through to eat it.
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Associations
Predation
Sheetweb weavers hide underneath their webs, and sometimes make two layers of web and hide between them for protection. If disturbed by a larger animal they quickly drop down into nearby vegetation to get away.
Known Predators:
- other Araneae
- Chilopoda
- Formicidae
- Carabidae
- small Amphibia
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Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Communication and Perception
These spiders have special structures on their fangs that they can rub together to make sounds to communicate with. They probably also use web vibrations, and certainly use taste and smell to communicate.
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Life Cycle
Development
These spiders hatch from eggs, and the hatchlings look more or less like grown-up spiders, though sometimes their colors change as they age. To grow they have to shed their exoskeleton, which they do many times during their lives.
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Life Expectancy
Lifespan/Longevity
These little spiders probably don't live much longer than a year.
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Reproduction
Breeding interval: After mating, female sheetweb weavers lay eggs.
Breeding season: Probably Spring, Summer, or Fall
Key Reproductive Features: sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
Females hide their eggs in special egg sacks made of silk, sometimes attached to their webs (and probably guarded by her) and sometimes just stuck to twisted grass stems and left alone.
Parental Investment: female parental care
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
| Specimen Records: | 7,843 | Public Records: | 1,770 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 6,731 | Public Species: | 224 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 6,445 | Public BINs: | 208 |
| Species: | 720 | ||
| Species With Barcodes: | 630 | ||
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Barcode data
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Locations of barcode samples
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Conservation
Conservation Status
No sheetweb weavers are known to be in danger, but there are still many species out there we don't know anything about.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
These are harmless little spiders that might help keep the population of small insects under control, but don't have any strong direct effects on humans.
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Wikipedia
Linyphiidae
Linyphiidae is a family of spiders, including more than 4,300 described species in 578 genera worldwide. This makes Linyphiidae the second largest family of spiders after the Salticidae. New species are still being discovered throughout the world, and the family is poorly known. Because of the difficulty in identifying such tiny spiders, there are regular changes in taxonomy as species are combined or divided.
Spiders in this family are commonly known as sheet weavers (from the shape of their webs), or money spiders (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and in Portugal, from the superstition that if such a spider is seen running on you, it has come to spin you new clothes, meaning financial good fortune).
There are six subfamilies, of which Linyphiinae (the sheetweb spiders), Erigoninae (the dwarf spiders), and Micronetinae, contain the majority of described species.
Common genera include Neriene, Lepthyphantes, Erigone, Eperigone, Bathyphantes, Troglohyphantes, the monotypic genus Tennesseellum and many others. These are among the most abundant spiders in the temperate regions, although many are also found in the tropics. The generally larger bodied members of the subfamily Linyphiinae are commonly found in classic bowl and doily webs or filmy domes. The usually tiny members of the Erigoninae are builders of tiny sheet webs. These tiny spiders (usually 3 mm or less) commonly balloon even as adults and may be very numerous in a given area on one day, only to disappear on the next. Some males of the erigonines are very strange, with their eyes set up on mounds or turrets. This reaches an extreme in some members of the large genus Walckenaeria, where several of the male's eyes are placed on a stalk taller than the carapace.
A few spiders in this family include:
- Bowl and doily spider, Frontinella communis
- Filmy dome spider, Neriene radiata
- Blacktailed red sheetweaver, Florinda coccinea
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Distribution
Spiders of this family occur nearly worldwide. In Norway many species have been found walking on snow at temperatures of down to -7 °C.
Taxonomy
The Pimoidae are the sister group to the Linyphiidae.[2]
Many species have been described in monotypic genera, especially in the Erigoninae, which probably reflects the scientific techniques traditionally used in this family.[2]
Predators
Among birds, Goldcrests are known to prey on money spiders.[3]
See also
References
- ^ Cirrus Digital, Sheetweb Spider - Drapetisca alteranda
- ^ a b c Hormiga 2000
- ^ RSPB Birds magazine, Winter 2004
Footnotes
- Hormiga, G. (1998). The spider genus Napometa (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae). Journal of Arachnology 26:125-132 PDF
- Hormiga, Gustavo (2000): Higher Level Phylogenetics of Erigonine Spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 609. (160 pages) PDF
- Bosselaers, J & Henderickx, H. (2002) A new Savignia from Cretan caves (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Zootaxa 109:1-8 PDF
- Hågvar, S. & Aakra, K. 2006. Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 71-82.
- Platnick, Norman I. (2007): The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History.
Gallery
Blacktailed red sheetweaver, Florinda coccinoa
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