Overview

Brief Summary

There are over 9,000 species of grasses. These plants have leaves with blades on the end and spiky flowers. This family includes some of the plants that are most important to people. These include cereals, grains, lawn grass, and bamboo. Rice is best known for its small seeds, which are an important food all over the world.
  • “Oryza sativa.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
  • “Rice.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice
  • "Oryza". Encyclopedia of Life. Available from:http://www.eol.org/pages/108188
  • “Poaceae.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae
  • "Poaceae". Encyclopedia of Life. Available from:http://eol.org/pages/8223/details
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© Sebastian Velvez

Supplier: lifeonearth

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Comprehensive Description

Description

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely woody, often with rhizomes or stolons. Culms usually cylindric, usually hollow but solid at the nodes. Leaves: alternate, 2-ranked, simple, consisting of sheath, ligule and lamina; sheath surrounding the stem, usually open; ligule usually present at junction of sheath and lamina, membranous, a row of hairs or 0; lamina linear to filiform, rarely lanceolate or ovate. Inflorescence consisting of numerous spikelets arranged in a spike, raceme or panicle. The basic unit of the inflorescence is the spikelet, consisting of a number of florets arranged distichously along an axis (rhachilla). At the base of the spikelet are 2 (rarely 0, 1 or more than 2) empty bracts (glumes). Each floret is enclosed within an outer bract (lemma) and an inner bracteole (palea). The palea is usually membranous and 2-keeled, the lemma is usually tougher and often awned. The lemma, palea and flowering parts are together called the floret. Flowers usually bisexual, but sometimes unisexual. Perianth represented by 2(–3) minute hyaline fleshy scales (lodicules). The base of the spikelet or floret may have a horny prolongation downwards (callus). Stamens (1-)3(-6); anthers versatile. Ovary superior, 1-locular with 1 ovule often attached to the adaxial side of the loculus, to a point or line visible in fruit as the hilum. Styles (1-)2(-3), generally with plumose stigmas. Fruit 1-seeded, usually a caryopsis, rarely with seed free from the pericarp.
Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0)

© Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings

Source: Flora of Zimbabwe

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Ecology

Associations

Associations

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / endomycorrhiza
Acaulospora nicolsonii is endomycorrhizal with live root of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
erect ascocarp of Acrospermum graminum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
Aelia acuminata sucks sap of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / within
Aeolothrips albicinctus may be found in tussock (base) of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus arvensis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus bernardii is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus campestris is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus campestris var. equestris is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus comtulus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus cupreobrunneus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus depauperatus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus impudicus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus lanipes is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus litoralis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus moellerianus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus osecanus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus pampeanus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus phaeolepidotus is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus porphyrocephalus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus subrufescens is associated with composted clippings of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus urinascens var. excellens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus urinascens var. urinascens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus xanthodermus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agrocybe arvalis is associated with straw bales of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agrocybe paludosa is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agrocybe pediades is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agrocybe vervacti is associated with Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Agromyza albipennis may be found on leaf (near end of mine) of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza ambigua mines leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza bromi mines leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza cinerascens mines leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza conjuncta mines leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza intermittens mines leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza mobilis mines leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza nigrella mines leaf of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Agromyza nigripes may be found on leaf (outside mine) of Poaceae

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza nigrociliata mines leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / miner
solitary larva of Agromyza rondensis mines leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha albotestacea is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 2-8

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Alernaria dematiaceous anamorph of Alternaria alternata is saprobic on dead, fungus infected Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Alernaria dematiaceous anamorph of Alternaria tenuissima is saprobic on dead, fungus infected Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Amanita pantherina is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Amanita vittadinii is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Amblytylus nasutus sucks sap of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
Amerosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Amerosporium polynematoides is saprobic on dead Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
larva of Anaphothrips obscurus may be found on live Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / sap sucker
Anoecia corni sucks sap of stem base of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 6-8

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Apiospora montagnei is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / resting place / on
larva of Apterothrips secticornis may be found on live Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
female of Aptinothrips elegans may be found on live Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
female of Aptinothrips karnyi may be found on live Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
larva of Aptinothrips rufus may be found on live Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Plant / resting place / on
male of Aptinothrips stylifer may be found on live Poaceae
Remarks: season: 6-9

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Arrhenia velutipes is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Arthrinium phaeospermum is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: esp. 7-8
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Arthrosporium anamorph of Arthrosporium elatum feeds on Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Athelia arachnoidea is saprobic on dead, decayed straw of Poaceae

Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Athelia pyriformis grows on live Poaceae

Plant / associate
sporocarp of Badhamia foliicola is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / feeds on
Bagous argillaceus feeds on Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / feeds on
Bagous czwalinai feeds on Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / resting place / on
female of Baliothrips dispar may be found on Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Plant / resting place / on
larva of Baliothrips graminum may be found on live Poaceae
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, base-embedded apothecium of Belonium incurvatum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Bisporella scolochloae is saprobic on dead, on ground stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 7-8

Plant / resting place / on
female micropter of Bolacothrips jordani may be found on live Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-10

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent from immersed base apothecium of Bulbomollisia striata is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 6

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Calameuta filiformis feeds within stem of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Calocybe gambosa is associated with darker green plant of Poaceae
Remarks: season: mainly early 4-late 6

Plant / associate
basidiome of Camarophyllopsis atropuncta is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
basidiome of Camarophyllopsis foetens is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
basidiome of Camarophyllopsis hymenocephala is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
basidiome of Camarophyllopsis micacea is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
basidiome of Camarophyllopsis schulzeri is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Campanella caesia is saprobic on dead or dying culm of Poaceae

Plant / associate
basidiome of Cantharellula umbonata is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Cellypha goldbachii is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
female macropter of Cephalothrips monilicornis may be found on leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3,9

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Cephus cultratus feeds within stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha affinis mines live leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha atra mines leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Cerodontha atronitens feeds on Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Cerodontha biseta feeds on Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha crassiseta mines leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha denticornis may be found in leaf sheath of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Cerodontha flavocingulata may be found on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha fulvipes mines leaf -> sheath of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha hammi mines leaf? of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha incisa may be found in leaf-mine of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha lateralis may be found in leaf-mine of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha muscina mines leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Cerodontha pygmaea may be found in leaf-mine of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
setulose perithecium of Chaetomium elatum is saprobic on damp, piled hay of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
setulose perithecium of Chaetomium globosum is saprobic on damp, piled hay of Poaceae

Plant / associate
basidiome of Chamaemyces fracidus is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / spot causer
stromatic acervulus of Cheilaria coelomycetous anamorph of Cheilaria agrostidis causes spots on live leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Cheimonophyllum candidissimum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
larva of Chirothrips manicatus may be found on Poaceae
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / gall
larva of Chlorops pumilionis causes gall of tiller of Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
Chorosoma schillingi sucks sap of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia milii may be found in leaf-mine of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia nigra may be found in leaf-mine of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Chytriomyces nodulatus is saprobic on submerged leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
Cladochytrium aurantiacum parasitises Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
internal Cladochytrium hyalinum is saprobic on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
Cladochytrium replicatum is saprobic on dead, decaying leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
extensive, velvety colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Cladosporium cladosporioides is saprobic on dead, rain-soaked leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
extensive, velvety colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Cladosporium macrocarpum is saprobic on dead, rain-soaked leaf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria acuta is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria corbierei is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria crosslandii is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria fragilis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria fumosa is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria greletii is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria incarnata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria rosea is associated with Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria straminea is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria tenuipes is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria zollingeri is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulina coralloides is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis corniculata is associated with Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis fusiformis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis helvola is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis laeticolor is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis luteoalba is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis subtilis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis umbrinella is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitocybe agrestis is saprobic on dead, rotting Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitocybe gibba is saprobic on dead, rotting litter of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitocybe rivulosa is saprobic on dead, rotting litter of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitopilus passeckerianus is saprobic on dead, decayed hay of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clitopilus prunulus is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitopilus scyphoides var. scyphoides is saprobic on decaying litter of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Collybia oreadoides is saprobic on decayed debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coniophora prasinoides is saprobic on old, dead stem of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe ambigua is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Conocybe antipus is saprobic on rotting clippings of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe apala is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Conocybe brunnea is saprobic on decayed straw of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe echinata is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe juniana var. juniana is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe leucopus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe macrocephala is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe moseri is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe pilosella is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe plicatella is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe pulchella is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe pygmaeoaffinis is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe rickeniana is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe semiglobata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe siliginea is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe striaepes is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe sulcatipes is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe tenera is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Conocybe velutipes is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Contumyces rosellus is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinellus curtus is saprobic on decayed clippings of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinellus xanthothrix is saprobic on decayed compost of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Coprinopsis argentea is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis cinerea is saprobic on germinating grain of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Coprinopsis cinereofloccosa is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis friesii is saprobic on decayed debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis kubickae is saprobic on decayed leaves of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis macrocephala is saprobic on decayed grain of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis phaeospora is saprobic on decayed debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinopsis scobicola is saprobic on decayed, clipped leaves of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Coprinopsis stangliana is associated with Poaceae
Remarks: season: 5-7

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Coprinus bellulus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Coprinus callinus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
usually caespitose fruitbody of Coprinus hiascens is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinus lagopus var. vacillans is saprobic on decaying Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coprinus patouillardii is saprobic on decayed hay of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crepidotus epibryus is saprobic on live culm of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crinipellis scabella is saprobic on dead, decayed culm of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, subsessile apothecium of Crocicreas stramineum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 4-5

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Crocicreas tomentosum is saprobic on half-buried stem base of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-2

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crucibulum laeve is saprobic on decayed culm of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus labiatus may be found on flower of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3-11

Foodplant / saprobe
gymnothecium of Ctenomyces serratus is saprobic on root of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Dermoloma cuneifolium is associated with unimproved turf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Dermoloma josserandii var. josserandii is associated with under trees turf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Dermoloma josserandii var. phaeopodium is associated with under trees turf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Dermoloma magicum is associated with weakly fertilised grassland turf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Dermoloma pseudocuneifolium is associated with unimproved turf of Poaceae

Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Didymella phleina feeds on Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus aeneus grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus anthracinus grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus asper grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus gonager grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus liogaster grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus niger grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus nigratus grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus nitens grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus picipes grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus possilensis grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus puncticollis grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Dolerus sanguinicollis grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Drechslera dematiaceous anamorph of Drechslera biseptata is saprobic on dead inflorescence of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous fruitbody of Efibulobasidium albescens is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma acidophilum is associated with live, short Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Entoloma albotomentosum is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma ameides is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma anatinum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma argenteostriatum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma asprellum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma atrocoeruleum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma atromarginatum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma bloxamii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma caeruleoflocculosum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma caeruleum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma caesiocinctum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma calaminare is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma calthionis is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma carneogriseum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma catalaunicum is associated with live Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Entoloma chalybaeum is saprobic on live Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Entoloma chalybaeum var. chalybaeum is saprobic on live Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Entoloma chalybaeum var. lazulinum is saprobic on live Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Entoloma clandestinum is saprobic on live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma cocles is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma conferendum var. conferendum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma corvinum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma cruentatum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma cuspidiferum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma cyaneoviridescens is associated with live, short Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma excentricum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma exile is associated with live, short Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma favrei is associated with live, short Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma fernandae is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma formosum is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma fuscotomentosum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma griseocyaneum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma henricii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma hispidulum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma huijsmanii is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma incanum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma indutoides var. griseorubidum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma indutoides var. indutoides is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma infula var. chlorinosum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma infula var. infula is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma insidiosum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma insolitum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma jubatum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma juncinum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma kervernii is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma kuehnerianum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma lampropus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma langei is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma lividocyanulum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma longistriatum var. longistriatum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma longistriatum var. sarcitulum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma lucidum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma minutum is associated with live tussock of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma mougeotii var. fuscomarginatum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma mougeotii var. mougeotii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma neglectum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma nigroviolaceum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma nitens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma occultopigmentatum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma ochromicaceum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma olorinum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma opacum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma ortonii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma pallens is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma papillatum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma parkensis is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma plebeioides is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma poliopus var. discolor is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma poliopus var. parvisporigerum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma poliopus var. poliopus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma porphyrophaeum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma pratulense is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma prunuloides is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma pseudocoelestinum is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma pseudoturci is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma reae is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma reginae is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma rhombisporum var. floccipes is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma roseum is associated with live, short Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma sacchariolens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma sericellum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma sericeonitens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma sericeum var. cinereo-opacum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma sericeum var. sericeum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma serrulatum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma sodale is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma solstitiale is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma transvenosum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma turci is associated with Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma vernum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma vinaceum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma xanthocaulon is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma xanthochroum is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
Entophlyctis aurea is saprobic on submerged leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
sorus of Entyloma dactylidis parasitises live leaf of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
Epichlo infects and damages culms of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Epicoccum dematiaceous anamorph of Epicoccum nigrum is saprobic on dead, fungus infected Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph (late) of Eurygaster austriaca sucks sap of grain of Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Eurygaster maura sucks sap of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Eutomostethus ephippium grazes on soft leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Flagelloscypha pilatii is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
Forda formicaria sucks sap of root of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
male of Frankliniella tenuicornis may be found on live Poaceae
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Fusarium anamorph of Fusarium culmorum infects and damages root of Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Fusarium anamorph of Fusarium poae infects and damages Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed, mycelial matted perithecium of Gaeumannomyces graminis infects and damages dead leaf sheath (lower part) of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3-10

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed, mycelial matted perithecium of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis infects and damages live stem base of Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed, mycelial matted perithecium of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici infects and damages live stem base of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina atkinsoniana is associated with Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina clavata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina clavus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina hypnorum is associated with Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina hypophaea is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina laevis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina praticola is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina subclavata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Galerina vittiformis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Gamundia striatula is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
Fusarium anamorph of Gibberella zeae infects and damages stem base of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Handkea utriformis is associated with short, live Poaceae

Plant / resting place / within
adult of Haplothrips aculeatus may be found in live flower of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-9

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena crispata is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena delectabilis is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena epichlo is saprobic on decayed leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena mairei is saprobic on decayed debris of Poaceae
Remarks: season: late autumn

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena pseudocrispula is saprobic on decayed leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Hendersonia culmiseda is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 2-8

Foodplant / feeds on
Heterodera feeds on live root of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, scattered on in small groups, thinly subiculate perithecium of Hydropisphaera arenula is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe calciphila is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe calyptriformis var. calyptriformis is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe calyptriformis var. domingensis is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe canescens is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe cantharellus is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe ceracea is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe chlorophana is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe citrinopallida is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe citrinovirens is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe coccinea is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe colemanniana is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe conica var. conica is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe conica var. olivaceonigra is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe conicoides is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe constrictospora is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe flavipes is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe fornicata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe glutinipes var. glutinipes is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe glutinipes var. rubra is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe helobia is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe ingrata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe insipida is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe intermedia is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe irrigata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe lacmus is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe laeta var. laeta is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe marchii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe miniata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe mucronella is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe nitrata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe ovina is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe persistens var. konradii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe persistens var. persistens is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe phaeococcinea is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe pratensis var. pallida is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe pratensis var. pratensis is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe psittacina var. perplexa is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe psittacina var. psittacina is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe punicea is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe quieta is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe radiata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe reidii is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe russocoriacea is associated with live Poaceae
Remarks: season: late autumn

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe spadicea is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe splendidissima is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe subpapillata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe substrangulata var. substrangulata is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe turunda is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe virginea var. fuscescens is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe virginea var. ochraceopallida is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe virginea var. virginea is associated with live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe vitellina is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe xanthochroa is associated with live Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrophoropsis macrospora is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
long-stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus pileatus is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 10-11

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hypholoma laeticolor is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hypholoma xanthocephalum is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Hypocrea spinulosa is saprobic on decaying stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-11

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Keissleriella culmifida is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum controversum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Lachnum rhodoleucum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
strand of Laetisaria fuciformis infects and damages dying plant of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepiota brunneoincarnata is saprobic on dead litter of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepiota erminea is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepiota oreadiformis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista caespitosa is associated with Poaceae
Other: unusual host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista multiformis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista nuda is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista ovispora is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista panaeola is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista pseudoectypa is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista rickenii is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lepista saeva is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepista sordida is saprobic on decayed, piled clippings of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Leptosphaeria culmifraga is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus carneifolius is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus leucothites is associated with Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus subcretaceus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucocoprinus straminellus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucopaxillus giganteus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucopaxillus paradoxus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucopaxillus rhodoleucus is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Limonomyces culmigenus parasitises live Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Limonomyces roseipellis parasitises live Poaceae

Foodplant / feeds on
female of Limothrips cerealium feeds on live leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Limothrips denticornis feeds on live floret of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lindtneria trachyspora is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Liriomyza flaveola may be found on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / miner
larva of Liriomyza pedestris mines leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Liriomyza phryne may be found on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
mostly immersed, becoming partly erumpent to free pseudothecium of Lophiostoma semiliberum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 12-4
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
numerous, often confluent pycnothyrium of Actinothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Lophodermium apiculatum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3-8

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Lophodermium gramineum is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Lopus decolor sucks sap of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lycoperdon decipiens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lycoperdon ericaeum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lycoperdon lividum is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lyophyllum connatum is associated with Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lyophyllum eustygium is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lyophyllum semitale is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Macrolepiota excoriata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Macrolepiota konradii is associated with Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Macrolepiota procera var. procera is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Macrophya duodecimpunctata grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmiellus tricolor is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmiellus vaillantii is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius anomalus is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Marasmius collinus is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius curreyi is saprobic on dead, decayed stem of Poaceae

Plant / associate
subterranean mycelium of fruitbody of Marasmius oreades is associated with live root of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tetraploa dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina tetraploa is saprobic on Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
pseudothecium of Massariosphaeria rubicunda is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3-5

Plant / resting place / within
larva of Megathrips nobilis may be found in tussock of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-9

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca albifolia is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca brevipes is associated with Poaceae

Fungus / saprobe
fruitbody of Melanoleuca cognata var. cognata is saprobic on litter of Poaceae
Remarks: season: spring, autumn

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca exscissa var. exscissa is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca exscissa var. iris is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca grammopodia is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca langei is associated with compost of Poaceae
Other: unusual host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca nivea is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca oreina is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca polioleuca is associated with Poaceae
Other: unusual host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca schumacheri is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca strictipes is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Melanoleuca stridula is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Melanotus phillipsii is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / gall
Meloidogyne causes gall of root of Poaceae

Foodplant / miner
larva of Metopomyza flavonotata mines leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile, shielded apothecium of Micropeziza karstenii is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 7-12

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia caricina is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia palustris is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3-9

Plant / associate
sporocarp of Mucilago crustacea is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena adonis var. adonis is saprobic on Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena aetites is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena chlorantha is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena epipterygia is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena flavescens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena latifolia is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena leptocephala is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena luteoalba is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena olivaceomarginata is associated with live Poaceae
Remarks: season: esp. late autumn

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Mycena pura is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
toadstool of Mycena stylobates is saprobic on dead, decaying stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycocalia minutissima is saprobic on dead, wet leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella allicina is saprobic on Poaceae

Foodplant / spot causer
crowded, arranged in rows or scattered, immersed, minute, fuscous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Mycosphaerella graminicola causes spots on live leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: summer

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Cercosporidium dematiaceous anamorph of Mycosphaerella recutita is saprobic on dead sheath of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
extensive, velvety colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Mycosphaerella tulasnei is saprobic on dead, rain-soaked leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / sap sucker
Myrmus miriformis sucks sap of unripe seed of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Myrothecium atroviride is saprobic on Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
Neophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Neophoma graminella is saprobic on dead Poaceae

Foodplant / feeds on
Notaris acridulus feeds on Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
Nowakowskiella elegans is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
Nowakowskiella hemisphaerospora is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphaliaster asterosporus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphaliaster borealis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphalina galericolor var. galericolor is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphalina galericolor var. lilacinicolor is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphalina mutila is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphalina pyxidata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Omphalina subhepatica is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
adult of Oulema erichsoni is associated with Poaceae
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Oulema obscura feeds on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Oulema rufocyanea feeds on leaf of Poaceae

Plant / resting place / within
imago of Oxyomus sylvestris may be found in cuttings of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus apicalis grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus clitellatus grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus obductus grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pachynematus truncatus grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Panaeolus acuminatus is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Panaeolus fimicola is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Panaeolus olivaceus is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clypeate perithecia of Paradidymella holci is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Paraphaeosphaeria michotii is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 1-7

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Parapiesma quadratum quadratum sucks sap of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Parasola kuehneri is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Parasola plicatilis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Parasola schroeteri is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia britannica is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia byssoides is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria eustoma is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria nigrans is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pycnidium of Septoria anamorph of Phaeosphaeria nodorum is saprobic on dead stem (esp node) of Poaceae
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Phaeosphaeria vagans is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete sordida is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phellinus contiguus is saprobic on decayed thatch of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Phomatospora berkeleyi is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 2-9

Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Phomatospora dinemasporium is saprobic on dead sheath of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / spot causer
embedded stroma of Phyllachora graminis causes spots on live leaf of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius viridicollis feeds on Poaceae

Foodplant / feeds on
subterranean larva of Phyllopertha horticola feeds on live Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
sporocarp of Physarum cinereum is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
Physoderma graminis infects and damages stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
confluent colony of Pithomyces dematiaceous anamorph of Pithomyces chartarum is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous, plurilocular stroma of Placosphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Placosphaeria graminis parasitises fading leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
subepidermal, sometimes becoming superficial pseudothecium of Pleospora herbarum is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: Spring, early Summer

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Pleospora phaeocomoides is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 2-10

Foodplant / sap sucker
Podops inuncta sucks sap of Poaceae
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Porpoloma metapodium is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella candolleana is saprobic on decayed debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella clivensis is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella dunensis is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella flexispora is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella friesii is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
caespitose fruitbody of Psathyrella multipedata is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella obtusata var. obtusata is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella panaeoloides is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella pellucidipes is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella prona f. cana is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella prona f. orbitarum is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella prona f. prona is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Psathyrella pseudocasca is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella pseudogracilis is saprobic on debris of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella spadiceogrisea is saprobic on dead, decaying debris of Poaceae
Remarks: season: Spring and Autumn

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Pseudoclitocybe expallens is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Pseudoclitocybe obbata is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, sessile apothecium of Pseudombrophila ramosa is saprobic on dead, rotting Poaceae

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pseudonapomyza atra feeds within leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pseudonapomyza lacteipennis feeds within leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Pseudoomphalina graveolens is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Pseudopatellina coelomycetous anamorph of Pseudorobillarda agrostis is saprobic on dead Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Psilachnum acutum is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8-10

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Psilachnum striatum is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 4

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psilocybe apelliculosa is saprobic on Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psilocybe inquilinus is saprobic on decayed stem of debris of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Psilocybe magica is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Psilocybe pratensis is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Psilocybe semilanceata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Psilocybe strictipes is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psilocybe subviscida var. velata is saprobic on decayed culm of Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
uredium of Puccinia (grass rusts) parasitises live leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
telium of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici parasitises live Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
linear telium of Puccinia graminis ssp. graminicola parasitises live sheath of Poaceae

Plant / associate
immersed thallus of Pyrenocollema arenisedum is associated with damp turf of Poaceae

Plant / associate
immersed thallus of Pyrenocollema subarenisedum is associated with damp turf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered or in small groups, immersed pseudothecium of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is saprobic on dead sheath of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis biformis is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis kunzei is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis pulchella is associated with Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resinomycena saccharifera is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Plant / resting place / on
Rhaphidothrips longistylosus may be found on Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Rhodocybe caelata is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Rhodocybe fallax is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Rhodocybe popinalis is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
Rhopalosiphum insertum sucks sap of live root of Poaceae
Remarks: season: summer

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Rutola dematiaceous anamorph of Rutola graminis is saprobic on Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Schizophyllum commune is saprobic on plastic-wrapped, 'big bale' hay of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa infects and damages patchily dead plant of Poaceae
Remarks: season: early autumn

Foodplant / feeds on
Sclerotium anamorph of Sclerotium rhizodes feeds on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
clypeate, emerging through centre of clypeus apothecium of Scutomollisia morvernensis is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 4

Foodplant / saprobe
clypeate, emerging through centre of clypeus apothecium of Scutomollisia pallido-ochracea is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 8

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Selandria serva grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Selandria sixii grazes on leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
Siteroptes graminum infects and damages Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
Sitobion fragariae sucks sap of live Poaceae
Remarks: season: summer

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, subepidermal then piercing pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora graminella is saprobic on dead culm of Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Stropharia coronilla is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Stropharia inuncta is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Stropharia luteonitens is associated with dungy Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Stropharia pseudocyanea is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / gall
Subanguina radicicola causes gall of root of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Subcoccinella vigintiquattuorpunctata grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed stroma of Pseudocercosporella dematiaceous anamorph of Tapesia yallundae infects and damages live sheath of Poaceae

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredopsis coquebertii grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredopsis friesei grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredopsis litterata grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredopsis nassata grazes on leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Tephrocybe confusa is associated with Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Tephrocybe putida is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / sap sucker
Tetraneura ulmi sucks sap of live Poaceae
Remarks: season: summer

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Thanatephorus fusisporus is saprobic on dead, decayed culm of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Torula dematiaceous anamorph of Torula herbarum is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Trachelus tabidus feeds within stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Trichoderma dematiaceous anamorph of Trichoderma koningii is saprobic on dead stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Tubaria pallidispora is saprobic on dead, decaying culm of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helicosporium anamorph of Tubeufia paludosa is saprobic on dead leaf of Poaceae
Remarks: season: 3-11

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula culmigena is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula erythropus is saprobic on dead, decayed Poaceae
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula incarnata is saprobic on dying stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula subhyalina is saprobic on dying stem of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Ulocladium dematiaceous anamorph of Ulocladium atrum is saprobic on dead Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Ulocladium dematiaceous anamorph of Ulocladium chartarum is saprobic on dead Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
linear sori of Urocystis agropyri agg. parasitises live, blistered leaf of Poaceae
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
sorus of Ustilago bullata parasitises live spikelet of Poaceae

Foodplant / pathogen
embedded sorus of Ustilago hordei infects and damages live spikelet of Poaceae

Foodplant / parasite
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Ustilago hypodytes parasitises live culm (esp surrounding internodes) of Poaceae

Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Ustilago striiformis causes spots on live, blistered leaf of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Vararia gallica is saprobic on dead, decayed Poaceae

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Vascellum pratense is associated with Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella murinella is saprobic on litter of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella pusilla is saprobic on litter of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella reidii is saprobic on mossy litter of Poaceae

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella taylorii is saprobic on litter of Poaceae

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Evolution and Systematics

Functional Adaptations

Functional adaptation

Elaborate stigmas capture pollen grains: grasses
 

The stigmas of grasses capture flying pollen due to their elaborate shape.

   
  "[The flowers] of grasses consist of no more than tiny clusters of dry brown or greenish scales from which the stamens protrude when the right moment comes. Their stigmas, which have to intercept flying pollen grains are particularly elaborate, often shaped like combs." (Attenborough 1995:96-98)
  Learn more about this functional adaptation.
  • Attenborough, D. 1995. The Private Life of Plants: A Natural History of Plant Behavior. London: BBC Books. 320 p.
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Functional adaptation

Leaves resist crosswise tearing: grasses
 

The leaves of grasses resist crosswise tearing due to their composite character.

   
  "Equally impressive is the composite character and consequent resistance to crack propagation of the leaves of grasses, also investigated by Vincent (1982). If a grass leaf is slit or notched it does tear more easily, but only (and fairly precisely) in proportion to its reduced cross section--there's just no sign of any significant stress concentration. Do your worst to a grass leaf--it just doesn't go along with attempts to tear it crosswise." (Vogel 2003:340)
  Learn more about this functional adaptation.
  • Steven Vogel. 2003. Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Barcode

Locations of barcode samples

Collection Sites: world map showing specimen collection locations for Poaceae
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Statistics of barcoding coverage

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
                                                             
Specimen Records:5,544
Specimens with Sequences:10,067
Specimens with Barcodes:7,025
Public Records:1,980
Species:1,753
Species With Barcodes:1,532
  
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Barcode data

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Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz290

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz304

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz291

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz288

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz287

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz283

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz277

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz275

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz273

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.guadamuz272

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae A.Guadamuz259

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Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae Espinoza5704

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae Espinoza5702

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Public Records: 0
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae Espinoza5699

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Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae Espinoza5687

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 7
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae Espinoza5684

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Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Poaceae Espinoza5679

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Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Wikipedia

Poaceae

The Poaceae (also known as the Gramineae) is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocot flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called (land) grasses, although the term (land) "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes (Juncaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae). As for the seagrasses, they all belong to the Alismatales, a different monocot order altogether. This broad and general use of the word "grass" has led to plants of the Poaceae often being called "true grasses". With over 10,025 currently accepted species, the Poaceae represent the fifth largest plant family. Only the Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae have more species.[2]

Plant communities dominated by Poaceae are called grasslands; grasslands are estimated to comprise 20% of the vegetation cover of the Earth. Grass species also occur in many other habitats not formally considered to be grasslands, including different types of wetlands (e.g., fens, marshes), forests and tundra.

Poaceae are often considered to be the most important of all plant families to human economies: it includes the staple food grains and cereal crops grown around the world, lawn and forage grasses, and bamboo, which is widely used for construction throughout east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Civilization was founded largely on the ability to domesticate cereal grass crops around the world.

Contents

Description

Structure of a grass plant

Grasses generally have the following characteristics (the image gallery can be used for reference):

Poaceae have hollow stems called culms, which are plugged (solid) at intervals called nodes, the points along the culm at which leaves arise. Grass leaves are alternate, distichous (in one plane) or rarely spiral, and parallel-veined. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath, which hugs the stem for a distance and a blade with margins usually entire. The leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which helps discourage grazing animals. In some grasses (such as sword grass), this makes the edges of the grass blades sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs, called the ligule, lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath.

Parts of a spikelet

Flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each spikelet having one or more florets (the spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes). A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets. A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts called the lemma (the external one) and the palea (the internal). The flowers are usually hermaphroditic (maize, monoecious, is an exception) and pollination is always anemophilous, that is, by wind. The perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea; these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. This complex structure can be seen in the image on the right, portraying a wheat (Triticum aestivum) spike.

The fruit of Poaceae is a caryopsis, in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall and thus, not separable from it (as in a maize kernel).

A tiller a non-seed leaf shoot.

Grass flowers

Growth and development

Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from elongated stem tips. This low growth point evolved in response to grazing animals and allows grasses to be grazed or mown regularly without severe damage to the plant.[3]

Three general classifications of growth habit present in grasses: bunch-type (also called caespitose), stoloniferous, and rhizomatous.

The success of the grasses lies in part in their morphology and growth processes, and in part in their physiological diversity. Most of the grasses divide into two physiological groups, using the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways for carbon fixation. The C4 grasses have a photosynthetic pathway linked to specialized Kranz leaf anatomy that particularly adapts them to hot climates and an atmosphere low in carbon dioxide.

C3 grasses are referred to as "cool season" grasses, while C4 plants are considered "warm season" grasses; they may be either annual or perennial.

Ecology

Biomes dominated by grasses are called grasslands. If only large contiguous areas of grasslands are counted, these biomes cover 31% of the planet's land.[5] Grasslands go by various names depending on location, including pampas, plains, steppes, or prairie.

In addition to their use as forage worldwide by many grazing mammals, such as cattle and other livestock, deer, and elephants, grasses are used as food plants by many species of butterflies and moths; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on grasses.

The evolution of large grazing animals in the Cenozoic has contributed to the spread of grasses. Without large grazers, a clearcut of fire-destroyed area would soon be colonized by grasses and, if there is enough rain, tree seedlings. The tree seedlings would eventually produce shade, which kills most grasses. Large animals, however, trample the seedlings, killing the trees. Grasses persist because their lack of woody stems helps them to resist the damage of trampling.[6]

Evolution

Until recently, grasses were thought to have evolved around 55 million years ago, based on fossil records. However, recent findings of 65-million-year-old phytoliths resembling grass phytoliths (including ancestors of rice and bamboo) in Cretaceous dinosaur coprolites,[1][7] may place the diversification of grasses to an earlier date. Indeed, revised dating of the origins of the rice tribe Oryzeae have been led to the suggestion that the date might be pushed back as early as 107 Ma to 129 Ma.[8]

The relationships among the subfamilies Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae and Pooideae in the BEP clade have been resolved: Bambusoideae and Pooideae are more closely related than Ehrhartoideae.[9] This separation occurred within a relatively short time span (~4 million years).

Distribution

The grass family is one of the most widely distributed and abundant groups of plants on Earth. They are found on every continent, and are essentially only absent from central Greenland and much of Antarctica.[2]

Taxonomy

The most recent classification of the grass family A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae|date=March 2012, recognizes 12 subfamilies:

Depending on the classification followed, the family includes approximately 668 genera.[2]

Etymology

The Poaceae was named by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895,[10] based on the tribe Poeae (described in 1814 by Robert Brown), and the type genus Poa (described in 1753 by Linnaeus). The term is derived from the Ancient Greek term for "grass".

Uses

Grasses are, in human terms, perhaps the most economically important plant family. Grasses' economic importance stems from several areas, including food production, industry, and lawns.

Food production

Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called cereals. Three cereals – rice, wheat, and maize (corn) – provide more than half of all calories eaten by humans.[11] Of all crops, 70% are grasses.[12] Cereals constitute the major source of carbohydrates for humans and perhaps the major source of protein, and include rice in southern and eastern Asia, maize in Central and South America, and wheat and barley in Europe, northern Asia and the Americas.

Sugarcane is the major source of sugar production. Many other grasses are grown for forage and fodder for animal feed, particularly for sheep and cattle, thereby indirectly providing more human calories.

Industry

Grasses are used for construction. Scaffolding made from bamboo is able to withstand typhoon-force winds that would break steel scaffolding.[5] Larger bamboos and Arundo donax have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, and grass roots stabilize the sod of sod houses. Arundo is used to make reeds for woodwind instruments, and bamboo is used for innumerable implements.

Grass fiber can be used for making paper, and for biofuel production.

Phragmites australis (common reed) is important in water treatment, wetland habitat preservation and land reclamation in Afro-Eurasia.

Lawn and ornamental grasses

Grasses are the primary plant used in lawns, which themselves derive from grazed grasslands in Europe. They also provide an important means of erosion control (e.g., along roadsides), especially on sloping land.

Although supplanted by artificial turf in some games, grasses are still an important covering of playing surfaces in many sports, including football, tennis, golf, cricket, and softball/baseball.

Ornamental grasses, such as perennial bunch grasses, are used in many styles of garden design for their foliage, inflorescences, seed heads, and slope stabilization. They are often used in natural landscaping, xeriscaping, contemporary or modern landscaping, wildlife gardening, and native plant gardening.

Economically important grasses

Grain crops
Leaf and stem crops
Lawn grasses
Ornamental grasses (Horticultural)
Model organisms

Grasses and society

Grass-covered house in Iceland

Grasses have long had significance in human society. They have been cultivated as a food source for domesticated animals for up to 10,000 years, and have been used to make paper since the second century AD.[citation needed] Also, the primary ingredient of beer is usually barley or wheat, both of which have been used for this purpose for over 4,000 years.[citation needed]

Some common aphorisms involve grass. For example:

  • "The grass is always greener on the other side" suggests an alternate state of affairs will always seem preferable to one's own.
  • "Don't let the grass grow under your feet" tells someone to get moving.
  • "A snake in the grass" means dangers that are hidden.
  • "When elephants fight, it is the grass which suffers" tells of bystanders caught in the crossfire.

A folk myth about grass is that it refuses to grow where any violent death has occurred.[13]

Genera

See the full List of Poaceae genera.

Image gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Piperno, D. R.; Sues, H.D. (2005). "Dinosaurs Dined on Grass". Science 310 (5751): 1126hor = Piperno, D.R.. doi:10.1126/science.1121020. PMID 16293745. 
  2. ^ a b c Stevens, P.F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html#Famlarge. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  3. ^ David Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 113–4. ISBN 0-563-20207-6. 
  4. ^ [1][dead link]
  5. ^ a b George Constable (ed), ed. (1985). Grasslands and Tundra. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. 20. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  6. ^ David Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 137. 
  7. ^ Prasad, V.; Stroemberg, C.A.E.; Alimohammadian, H.; Sahni, A. (2005). "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers". Science(Washington) 310 (5751): 1177–1180. doi:10.1126/science.1118806. PMID 16293759. 
  8. ^ Prasad V, Strömberg CA, Leaché AD, Samant B, Patnaik R, Tang L, Mohabey DM, Ge S, Sahni A. (2011). Late Cretaceous origin of the rice tribe provides evidence for early diversification in Poaceae. Nat Commun. 2:480. doi:10.1038/ncomms1482 PMID 21934664
  9. ^ Wu ZQ, Ge S (2011) The phylogeny of the BEP clade in grasses revisited: Evidence from the whole-genome sequences of chloroplasts. Mol Phylogenet Evol
  10. ^ Barnhart, J.H. (1895) Poaceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22: 7.
  11. ^ Peter H. Raven & George B. Johnson (1995). Carol J. Mills (ed). ed. Understanding Biology (3rd ed.). WM C. Brown. p. 536. ISBN 0-697-22213-6. 
  12. ^ George Constable (ed), ed. (1985). Grasslands and Tundra. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  13. ^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p. 208. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7.
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Camusiella

Camusiella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family.


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