The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes. 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79
• Boeskorov, G. G. 2002. Taxonomic position of Alces latifrons postremus and relationships of the genera Cervalces and Alces (Alcinae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Paleontological Journal 36:660-667.
• Breda, M. and M. Marchetti. 2005. Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia, Quaternary Sci. Rev. 24:775–805.
• Cap, H., S. Aulagnier, and P. Deleporte. 2002. The phylogeny and behaviour of Cervidae (Ruminantia, Pecora). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 14:199-216.
• Cronin, M. A. 1991. Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae). Journal of Mammalogy 72:533-566.
• DeMiguel, D., M. Fortelius, B. Azanza and J. Morales. 2008. Ancestral feeding state of ruminants reconsidered: earliest grazing adaptation claims a mixed condition for Cervidae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-13
• Di Stefano, G. and C. Petronio. 2002. Systematics and evolution of the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene tribe Cervini (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), Geol. Romana. 36(2002):311–334.
• Douzery,E. and E. Randi. 1997. The mitochondrial control region of Cervidae: evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic content. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:1154-1166.
• Duarte, J. M. B., S. González, and J. E. Maldonado. 2008. The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49(1):17-22.
• Eisenberg, J. F. 1987. The evolutionary history of the Cervidae with special reference to the South American radiation. Pages 60-64 in Biology and Management of the Cervidae. C. M. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
• Eisenberg, J. F. 2000. The contemporary Cervidae of Central and South America. Pages 189-202 in Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives. E. S. Vrba and G. B. Schaller, eds. Yale University Press, New Haven.
• Fernández, M. H. and E. S. Vrba. 2005. A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants. Biological Reviews 80(2):269-302.
• Fontana,F. and M. Rubini. 1990. Chromosomal evolution in Cervidae. BioSystems 24:157-174.
• Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet, and A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1):101-117.
• Groves, C. P. and P. Grubb. 1987. Relationships of living deer. Pages 21–59 in Biology and Management of the Cervidae. C.M. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
• Grubb, P. 2000. Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae. Acta Theriologica 45:289-307.
• Hassanin, A. and E. J. P. Douzery. 2003. Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae. Systematic Biology 52 (2):206-228.
• Heintz, E. and F. Poplin. 1981. Alces carnutorum (Laugel, 1862) du Pléistocène de Saint-Prest (France). Systématique et evolution des Alcinés (Cervidae, Mammalia). Quartärpaläontologie 4:105–122.
• Kahlke, H. D. 1990. On the evolution, distribution and taxonomy of fossil Elk/Moose. Quartärpaläontologie 8:83–106.
• McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
• Meijaard, E. and C. P. Groves. 2004. Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications. J. Zool. Lond. 263:179–196.
• Ohtaishi, N. and H. I. Sheng, eds. 1993. Deer of China. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam.
• Ohtaishi, N. and Y. Gao. 1990. A Review of the distribution of all species of deer (Tragulidae, Moschidae And Cervidae) in China. Mammal Review 20(2-3):125-144.
• Randi, E., N. Mucci, M. Pierpaoli, and E. Douzery. 1998. New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265:793-801.
• Scott, K. M. and C. M. Janis. 1987. Phylogenetic relationships of the Cervidae and the case for a superfamily "Cervoidea". Pages 3-20 in Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
• Vislobokova, I. 1980. The systematic position of a deer from Pavlodar and the origin of neocervinae. Paleontology J. 3:97–111.
• Vrba,E.S . and G. B. Schaller, eds. 2000. Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives. Yale University Press, New Haven.
• Webb, S. D. 2000. Evolutionary history of New World Cervidae. Pages 38-64 in Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives. E. S. Vrba and G. B. Schaller, eds. Yale University Press, New Haven.
• Whitehead, G. K. 1972. Deer of the World. Constable, London.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207