The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes. 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79
• Christiansen, P. 2007. Evolutionary implications of bite mechanics and feeding ecology in bears. Journal of Zoology 272(4):423-443.
• Krause, J, Unger, T, Nocon, A, Malaspinas, AS, Kolokotronis, SO, Stiller, M, Soibelzon, L, Spriggs, H, Dear, PH, Briggs, AW, Bray, SCE, O'Brien, SJ, Rabeder, G, Matheus, P, Cooper, A, Slatkin, M, Paabo, S, Hofreiter, M. 2008. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:220.
• Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
• Nakagome, S, Pecon-Slattery, J, Masuda, R. 2008. Unequal rates of Y chromosome gene divergence during speciation of the family Ursidae. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 (7): 1344-1356.
• Pages, M, Calvignac, S, Klein, C, Paris, M, Hughes, S, Hanni, C. 2008. Combined analysis of fourteen nuclear genes refines the Ursidae phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 (1): 73-83.
• Rice, Dale W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. ix + 231
• Talbot SL, Shields, GF. 1996. A phylogeny of the bears (ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5:567-575.
• Waits, LP, Sullivan, J, O'Brien, SJ, Ward, RH. 1999. Rapid radiation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13(1):82-92.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142
• Yu, L, Li, YW, Ryder, OA, Zhang, Y-P. 2007. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:198.
• Yu, L, Li, YW, Ryder, OA,Zhang, Y-P. 2007. 2004. Phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(2):480-494.
• Zhang YP, Ryder OA. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of bears (the ursidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3:351-359.