Cardinals, which make up the family Cardinalidae, are passerine birds found in North and South America. They are also known as cardinal-grosbeaks and cardinal-buntings. The South American cardinals in the genus Paroaria are placed in another family, the Thraupidae (previously placed in Emberizidae).

These are robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. The family ranges in size from the 12-cm (4.7 inches), 11.5-gram (.40 oz) Orange-breasted Bunting to the 25-cm (9.8 inches), 85-gram (2.99 oz) Black-headed Saltator^{[verification needed]}. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinctive appearances. The Northern Cardinal type species was named by colonists for the male's red crest, reminiscent of a Catholic cardinal's mitre.^[1]

The "buntings" in this family are sometimes generically known as "tropical buntings" (though not all live in the tropics) or "North American buntings" (though there are other buntings in North America) to distinguish them from the true buntings, whose family does contain North American birds, but they are referred to as American sparrows (unrelated to Old World sparrows), juncos, and towhees rather than buntings. Likewise the grosbeaks in this family are sometimes called "cardinal-grosbeaks" to distinguish them from other grosbeaks. The name "cardinal-grosbeak" can also apply to this family as a whole.

Most species are rated by the IUCN as least concern, though some are near threatened.^[2]

Species list [edit]

1) "Masked" clade:

• Genus Periporphyrus
  • Red-and-black Grosbeak, Periporphyrus erythromelas
• Genus Caryothraustes
  • Black-faced Grosbeak, Caryothraustes poliogaster
  • Yellow-green Grosbeak, Caryothraustes canadensis
• Genus Rhodothraupis
  • Crimson-collared Grosbeak, Rhodothraupis celaeno
• Genus Cardinalis
  • Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
  • Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis sinuatus
  • Vermilion Cardinal, Cardinalis phoeniceus
• Genus Piranga (from Thraupidae)
  • Rose-throated Tanager, Piranga roseogularis
  • Hepatic Tanager, Piranga flava
  • Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea
  • Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra
  • Western Tanager, Piranga ludoviciana
  • Flame-colored Tanager, Piranga bidentata
  • White-winged Tanager, Piranga leucoptera
  • Red-headed Tanager, Piranga erythrocephala
  • Red-hooded Tanager, Piranga rubriceps

Cardinalis sinuatus in Tucson, Arizona

Female Northern Cardinal

2) "Blue" clade:

• Genus Amaurospiza (from Emberizidae)
  • Blue Seedeater, Amaurospiza concolor
  • Carrizal Seedeater, Amaurospiza carrizalensis
  • Blackish-blue Seedeater, Amaurospiza moesta
• Genus Cyanocompsa
  • Ultramarine Grosbeak, Cyanocompsa brissonii
  • Blue Bunting, Cyanocompsa parellina
  • Blue-black Grosbeak, Cyanocompsa cyanoides
• Genus Cyanoloxia
  • Glaucous-blue Grosbeak, Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea
• Genus Passerina, , North American buntings
  • Blue Grosbeak, Passerina caerulea - sometimes separated in Guiraca
  • Lazuli Bunting, Passerina amoena
  • Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea
  • Varied Bunting, Passerina versicolor
  • Painted Bunting, Passerina ciris
  • Rose-bellied Bunting, Passerina rositae
  • Orange-breasted Bunting, Passerina leclancherii
• Genus Spiza
  • Dickcissel, Spiza americana

3) Ant tanager clade:

• Genus Habia (from Thraupidae)
  • Red-crowned Ant Tanager, Habia rubica
  • Red-throated Ant Tanager, Habia fuscicauda
  • Sooty Ant Tanager, Habia gutturalis
  • Black-cheeked Ant Tanager, Habia atrimaxillaris
  • Crested Ant Tanager, Habia cristata
• Genus Chlorothraupis (from Thraupidae)
  • Olive Tanager, Chlorothraupis carmioli
    • Carmiol's Tanager, Chlorothraupis (c.) carmioli
    • Olive Tanager, Chlorothraupis (c.) frenata
  • Lemon-spectacled Tanager, Chlorothraupis olivacea
  • Ochre-breasted Tanager, Chlorothraupis stolzmanni

4) "Chat" clade:

• Genus Granatellus (from Parulidae)
  • Red-breasted Chat, Granatellus venustus
  • Gray-throated Chat, Granatellus sallaei
  • Rose-breasted Chat, Granatellus pelzelni

5) "Pheucticus" clade:

• Genus Pheucticus
  • Mexican Yellow Grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
  • Southern Yellow Grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysogaster
  • Black-thighed Grosbeak, Pheucticus tibialis
  • Black-backed Grosbeak, Pheucticus aureoventris
  • Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
  • Black-headed Grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus

Incertae sedis - these birds traditionally placed in the cardinal family are biochemically related to various tanager (Thraupidae) groups:

• Genus Saltator, the saltators (biochemical studies suggest the saltators may be a sister group to tanagers)
  • Lesser Antillean Saltator, Saltator albicollis
  • Streaked Saltator, Saltator striatipectus
  • Grayish Saltator, Saltator coerulescens
  • Buff-throated Saltator, Saltator maximus
  • Black-headed Saltator, Saltator atriceps
  • Slate-colored Grosbeak, Saltator grossus
  • Black-throated Grosbeak, Saltator fuliginosus
  • Black-winged Saltator, Saltator atripennis
  • Green-winged Saltator, Saltator similis
  • Orinoco Saltator, Saltator orenocensis
  • Black-cowled Saltator, Saltator nigriceps
  • Golden-billed Saltator, Saltator aurantiirostris
  • Thick-billed Saltator, Saltator maxillosus
  • Masked Saltator, Saltator cinctus
  • Black-throated Saltator, Saltator atricollis
  • Rufous-bellied Saltator, Saltator? rufiventris - apparently a mountain-tanager
• Genus Porphyrospiza (this species appears to be related to the tanager species Band-tailed Sierra-finch)
  • Blue Finch, Porphyrospiza caerulescens
• Genus Parkerthraustes (this species appears to be a tanager)
  • Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak, Parkerthraustes humeralis

References [edit]

• Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
• Hilty, Steven L (2003) Birds of Venezuela London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
• ffrench, Birds of Trinidad and Tobago ISBN 0-7136-6759-1
• "National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North America ISBN 0-7922-6877-6
• Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective. [1]. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006

Orchard View Schools is a school district located entirely in Muskegon Township, Michigan, south of the Muskegon River in Muskegon County, Michigan.

Its mascot is the Cardinal.

It is a constituent of the Muskegon Area Intermediate School District.

Schools

Orchard View High School (grades 9 to 12, new building opened 2006)

Mission Statement
"Together, we will educate, encourage, and challenge each other"

Orchard View Middle School (grades 6 to 8)

Mission Statement
"The mission of Orchard View Middle School is to provide a safe, positive, supportive environment that encourages academic growth, responsible citizenship, and lifelong learning, while showing respect for individual differences."

Orchard View Cardinal Elementary (grades 2 to 5, at former high school)

Mission Statement
"We educate, nurture and inspire Cardinal Elementary students to become responsible, productive members of society."

Orchard View Early Elementary - Gustafson Campus (grades pre-K to 1)

Mission Statement
"The mission of Orchard View Early Elementary is to provide an environment in which children will develop a positive self-image and a disposition for learning built upon experiences of success. "

Community Education

As of fall 2007, Orchard View Community Education is housed in the former Orchard View Elementary building, now named Orchard View Community Education Center. Orchard View Elementary and Jolman Elementary merged at the old high school building. Jolman Elementary will be missed by all those that attended. She should have stayed open forever.

High School Band

The high school band has had some pretty hard seasons but are coming into their own. Their next concert will be on May 7th, 2011 at Orchard View High School.

High School Sport

2011 Football Schedule

• Adult Basic Education
• Adult Education
• Adult Enrichment & Leisure
• Business and Industry-Computers
• Child Care
• English as a Second Language
• Even Start
• GED Diploma
• Head Start
• Pre-School
• Senior Programs
• Trips and Tours - OV Travelers
• Workforce Development Program
• Youth Programs

External links

• Official site

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