Table of Contents
Overview
Brief Summary
Introduction
This clade represents Angiopteris in a broad sense, including Archangiopteris, Macroglossum and Protomarattia.
Angiopteris is a genus of perhaps 100 species, occurring from Madagascar to the Pacific islands, and from India and southern Japan to northern Australia.
The taxonomy of the genus Angiopteris is contentious, and species numbers have fluctuated immensely. Mabberley (1997) considered the genus to consist of 200 poorly defined microspecies; Rolleri (2002, 2003) reviewed the genus, dealing with a total of only ten species. It is evident that additional studies are needed to resolve these taxonomic problems and better define the species morphologically and genetically.
Species of Angiopteris are used in the Pacific to perfume coconut oil, and in India the starch from the rhizome is eaten and used to brew an intoxicating drink (Mabberley 1997). Angiopteris evecta is documented as naturalised in Hawaii, Jamaica and Costa Rica (Christenhusz & Toivonen, 2008).
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Comprehensive Description
Characteristics
Angiopteris species are large to giant ferns with rhizomes that are globular and radial. The leaves are usually bipinnate, or once pinnate in "Archangiopteris" and A. smithii, and can be gigantic, measuring up to 9 m in length. The pinnae and pinnules are (usually) placed alternately. Veins are free and forked once or twice. The sporangia are almost free, attached only at the base, and are surrounded by a crude annulus of thickened cells; the contractions of which pull the sides of the sporangium apart along a line of dehiscence on the inner face (Christenhusz, 2007).
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Evolution and Systematics
Evolution
Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships
The commonly recognised genus Archangiopteris is monophyletic and is sister to the core Angiopteris clade including A. evecta. However, recognizing the Archangiopteris clade as a separate genus would make the genus Angiopteris polyphyletic, and Archangiopteris is therefore included in this genus. The monotypic genus Macroglossum (= Angiopteris smithii) is also well embedded within the Angiopteris clade, and is sister to a clade uniting Archangiopteris and Angiopteris s.s.
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Wikipedia
Angiopteris
Angiopteris is a genus of huge evergreen ferns from the Marattiaceae family, found throughout the paleotropics from Madagascar to the South Pacific islands. Species of smaller stature with elongate synangia and creeping rhizomes are sometimes segregated into the genus Archangiopteris, and a once-pinnate monotypic segregate genus has been called Macroglossum, but molecular data supports inclusion of these taxa within a broad concept of Angiopteris[1].
Angiopteris evecta has been introduced and naturalized in Hawaii, Jamaica, and parts of Central America, where it has become an invasive weed in lower elevation drainages[2]. They feature a large, erect, woody rhizome with a wide base supported by thick roots. The fronds are deltoid, pinnate, 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) long, with spreading leaflets[3].
The basal chromosome number for this genus is 2n=80. The type species is Angiopteris evecta.
Species
Angiopteris taxonomy is poorly understood, with nearly 200 poorly-defined named species, only a small handful of which are recognized in modern floras.
- Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm.
- Angiopteris hypoleuca
- Angiopteris javanica
- Angiopteris palmiformis
- Angiopteris pruinosa
- Angiopteris suboppositifolia
References
- ^ Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description of a new genus Ptisana". Taxon 57 (3): 737–755. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2008/00000057/00000003/art00007.
- ^ Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "Phylogeny of marattioid ferns (Marattiaceae) inferring a root in the absence of a closely related outgroup.". American Journal of Botany 95 (5): 626–641. doi:10.3732/ajb.2007308. PMID 21632388. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/95/5/626.
- ^ Ellison, Don (1999) Cultivated Plants of the World. London: New Holland (1st ed.: Brisbane: Flora Publications International, 1995)
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