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Overview
Distribution
Range Description
Knowledge of its national distribution in Europe is as follows:
- Finland: occurs in the southwest.
- Norway: scattered in the north; more common in south.
- Slovakia: common throughout the country (Marhold 1992).
- Netherlands: widespread (Mennema et al. 1985).
- Portugal: only in the north.
- Spain: widespread.
- France: widespread throughout the most of the country but not recorded in the departments of Paris and Seine-Saint-Denis in the north, Rhône to the east or Lot-et-Garonne to the southwest (Association Tela Botanica 2000–2010).
- United Kingdom: widespread throughout the whole of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland, although its distribution is patchy in northern Scotland (Preston et al. 2002).
- Ireland: widespread throughout the whole of the country (Preston et al. 2002).
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Killeen, T. J., E. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guia Arb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, La Paz.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1000017
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Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103
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Molina Rosito, A. 1975. Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras. Ceiba 19(1): 1–118.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/866
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Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1717
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
In Finland, this species grows in rocky, herb-rich forests, waterfront thickets and forests and rich meadows—it favours limy soil (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010). In the United Kingdom and Ireland it grows in hedgerows, scrub, copses, roadsides and also on rough ground (Preston et al. 2002), while in the Netherlands, it grows in forests and shrubwoods on humid and moderately fertile soils (Tamis et al. 2003). Where the species grows in forest margins, it has to compete with taller forest species. In Iberia, it grows from sea level to 1,800 m, in Germany the maximum altitude is 1,000 m, while in Norway it is 550 m.
Systems
- Terrestrial
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Associations
Associations
caterpillar of Abraxas grossulariata grazes on live leaf of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
Remarks: season: 4-6
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Acronicta psi grazes on live leaf of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Euproctis similis grazes on live leaf of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Orgyia antiqua grazes on live leaf of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
Remarks: season: -7/8
Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Phytomyza heringiana may be found in leaf-mine of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resupinatus applicatus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
Other: minor host/prey
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / hemiparasite
haustorium of Viscum album is hemiparasitic on branch of Malus sylvestris sens.str.
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Associations
fruitbody of Entoloma clypeatum parasitises live root of Malus sylvestris sens. lat.
Remarks: season: 4-6
Other: minor host/prey
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, more or less concentric pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta destructiva causes spots on live leaf of Malus sylvestris sens. lat.
Remarks: season: 7-8
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Malus sylvestris
Public Records: 2
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
EU 27 regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)
Although Malus sylvestris is relatively widely distributed in Europe, hybridization with cultivated M. domestica is thought to be having a significant impact on the population. It is not known to what extent the genetic diversity of the species has been affected; therefore, it is regionally assessed as Data Deficient.
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
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NatureServe
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
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NatureServe
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Trends
Population
- Finland: infrequent.
- Italy: not very common.
- Slovakia: stable.
- Germany: common but hybridized with cultivated plants.
- Netherlands: before 1950 the species occurred in 124 hour-squares and after 1950 in 628 hour-squares (Mennema et al. 1985). Tamis et al. (2003) reported that the species occurs in 3,001–10,000 1x1 km grid squares.
Population Trend
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Threats
Threats
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Management
Conservation Actions
- Germany: Endangered; there is an ongoing rescue management project in place (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010).
- Finland: Vulnerable (H. Korpelainen pers. comm. 2010).
- Denmark: Least Concern (Den Danske Rødliste 2010).
- Netherlands: Least Concern (C. Kik pers. comm. 2010).
- Germany: possibly threatened but no regional data on occurrences (R. Vögel pers. comm. 2010).
It is recommended that the monitoring and management of this species is incorporated into the existing management plans of the protected areas in which it occurs.
EURISCO reports 52 germplasm accessions of M. sylvestris held in European genebanks, only one of which is reported to be of wild or weedy origin and does not originate from within Europe (EURISCO Catalogue 2010). Germplasm collection and duplicated ex situ storage is a priority for this species.Research is needed to determine the effect of hybridization with M. domestica on the genetic diversity of M. sylvestris.
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Wikipedia
Malus sylvestris
Malus sylvestris, the European wild apple, is a species of Malus (crabapple), native to Europe from as far south as Spain, Italy and Greece to as far north as Scandinavia and Russia. Its scientific name means "forest apple", and the truly wild tree has thorns.
In the past, M. sylvestris was thought to be an important ancestor of the cultivated apples (M. domestica), but these have now been shown to be primarily derived from the central Asian species M. sieversii.[1] However, another recent DNA analysis[2] showed that M. sylvestris has contributed to the ancestry of M. domestica.
The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects. Its leaves are food of the caterpillars of the Twin-spotted Sphinx (Smerinthus jamaicensis) and possibly the Hawthorn Moth (Scythropia crataegella).
Flowers
Fruits
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See also
- List of Lepidoptera that feed on Malus
References
- ^ Velasco R., Zharkikh A., Affourtit J. et al., The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) Nature Genetics, 2010, 42, 10, 833
- ^ Coart, E., Van Glabeke, S., De Loose, M., Larsen, A.S., Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol. Ecol. 15(8): 2171-82.
- M.H.A. Hoffman, List of names of woody plants, Applied Plant Research, Boskoop 2005.
- RHS dictionary of gardening, 1992
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Wikipedia
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