Overview
Comprehensive Description
Description
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Biology
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Distribution
Distribution
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1
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Hostens, K. (2000). Spatial patterns and seasonality in the epibenthic communities of the Westerschelde (Southern Bight of the North Sea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 80: 27-36
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1139
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Hostens, K.; Hamerlynck, O. (1994). The mobile epifauna of the soft bottoms in the subtidal Oosterschelde estuary: structure, function and impact of the storm-surge barrier. Hydrobiologia 282-283: 479-496
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1142
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M'harzi, A. (1999). Phytoplankton community structuring in some areas of the North Sea. PhD Thesis. Vrije Universiteit Brussel: Brussel, Belgium. 221 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1107
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ILVO macrofauna data: macrofauna monitoring on the Belgian Part of the North Sea since 1979
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132965
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ILVO epifauna en demersale visdata: epifauna en demersale vismonitoring op het Belgisch deel van de Noordzee sinds 1979
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132964
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Maes, J.; Taillieu, A.; Van Damme, P.A.; Ollevier, F.P. (1997). The composition of the fish and crustacean community of the Zeeschelde estuary (Belgium). Belg. J. Zool. 127(1): 47-55
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=133007
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Van Damme, P.A.; Hostens, K.; Ollevier, F.P. (1994). Fish species of the lower Zeeschelde (Belgium): a comparison with historical checklists. Belg. J. Zool. 124(2): 93-103
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132986
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Cattrijsse, A.; Vincx, M. (2001). Biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the Belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs: Brussel, Belgium. 48 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/mollusca/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=61
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Beyst, B. (2001). Epi- en hyperbenthische gemeenschappen van Belgische zandstranden [Epi- and hyperbenthic communities of Belgian sandy beaches]. PhD Thesis. Universiteit Gent. Instituut voor Dierkunde. Vakgroep morfologie, systematiek en ecologie: Gent, Belgium. 351 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=811
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Mees, J. (1994). Het hyperbenthos van ondiepe kustgebieden en estuaria: gemeenschapsstruktuur en biologie van de dominante soorten [The hyperbenthos of shallow coastal waters and estuaries: community structure and biology of the dominant species]. PhD Thesis. Universiteit Gent. Mariene Biologie. Instituut voor Dierkunde. Vakgroep Morfologie, Systematiek en Ecologie: Gent, Belgium. 212 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=815
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Hamerlynck, O.; Hostens, K.; Arellano, R.V.; Mees, J.; Vandamme, P.A. (1993). The mobile epibenthic fauna of soft bottoms in the Dutch Delta (south-west Netherlands): spatial structure. Pp 343-358 in Meire, P.; Vincx, M. (Ed.): Marine and estuarine gradients: ECSA 21: Proceedings of the 21th Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association held in Gent, 9-14 september 1991. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol., 27(2-4). Netherlands Society of Aquatic Ecology: Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1140
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van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374
http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1411
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MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149081
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Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010).
http://www.marinespecies.org/ascidiacea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149068
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Ramos, M. (ed.). 2010. IBERFAUNA. The Iberian Fauna Databank
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149024
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Kedra, M. (2010). A Checklist of marine species occurring in Polish marine waters, compiled in the framework of the PESI EU FP7 project.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149084
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A.Boltachev & E. Karpova, IBSS NAS Ukraine
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149025
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Koukouras, Athanasios. (2010). Check-list of marine species from Greece. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Assembled in the framework of the EU FP7 PESI project.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=142068
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Breine, J.; Stevens, M.; Van den Bergh, E.; Maes, J. (2011). A reference list of fish species for a heavily modified transitional water: The Zeeschelde (Belgium) Belg. J. Zool. 141(1): 44-55
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=156540
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Berg, L.S. 1962 Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem. (Russian version published 1948). (Ref. 593)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=593&speccode=4604
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Physical Description
Morphology
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Size
Max. size
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Chugunova, N.I. 1959 Age and growth studies in fish. A systematic guide for ichthyologists. Israel Program for Scientific Translations. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva. 132 p. (Ref. 3561)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3561&speccode=4712
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Diagnostic Description
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Ecology
Habitat
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 102045 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -9 - 262
Temperature range (°C): 2.641 - 12.243
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.139 - 16.868
Salinity (PPS): 5.681 - 35.544
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.573 - 8.768
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.114 - 3.328
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 72.643
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -9 - 262
Temperature range (°C): 2.641 - 12.243
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.139 - 16.868
Salinity (PPS): 5.681 - 35.544
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.573 - 8.768
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.114 - 3.328
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 72.643
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat
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Environment
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm 1989 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 6302)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6302&speccode=1357
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Migration
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Trophic Strategy
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Associations
Known predators
Larus canus
Larus ridibundus
Larus argentatus
Larus marinus
Sterna sandvicensis
Sterna hirundo
Sterna paradisaea
Platichthys flesus
Hemiuris communis
Lecithaster gibbosus
Based on studies in:
Scotland (Estuarine)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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Known prey organisms
Copepoda
Based on studies in:
Scotland (Estuarine)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Sprattus sprattus
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Sprattus sprattus
Public Records: 3
Species: 13
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Threats
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p. (Ref. 4931)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&speccode=228
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Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24
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Wikipedia
Baltic sprat
The Baltic sprat, Sprattus sprattus balticus is a herring-like, marine fish in the family Clupeidae. It is found in northeast Atlantic Ocean and most of the Baltic Sea, excluding the Bothnian Bay and eastern Gulf of Finland. Its length is up to 16 cm.
Young sprats are commonly known as brisling.
Canned sprats (usually smoked) are available in many north European countries, including the Baltic States, Scandinavia, Germany, Poland and Russia. They are an important Latvian export.
References
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Sprattus sprattus" in FishBase. May 2006 version.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Sprattus sprattus balticus" in FishBase. February 2009 version.
Unreviewed
European sprat
The European sprat, Sprattus sprattus, also known as bristling, brisling or skipper, is a small, herring-like, marine fish. Found in European waters, it has silver grey scales and white-grey flesh. Specific seas in which the species occurs include the Irish Sea, Baltic Sea and Sea of the Hebrides.[1] The fish is around 12% fat in its flesh and is a source of many vitamins. When used for food it can be canned, salted, fried, grilled, baked, marinated, and so on.
Young sprats are commonly known as brisling. Canned sprats (usually smoked) are available in many north European countries, including the Baltic states, Scandinavia, Ireland, Germany, Poland and Russia. They are an important Latvian export. The majority of brisling sardines that are sold to the public are harvested off the coasts of Norway and Scotland.
References
- ^ C.Michael Hogan, (2011) Sea of the Hebrides. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
Unreviewed
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