Table of Contents
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Overview
Comprehensive Description
A. palmata is an arborescent bryozoan whose colonies form limp, tufted tangles that are brown in color. Zooids occur only at the tips of branches and do not bud from the sides of mature individuals as occurs in other species. Individual zooids are cylindrical and measure approximately 0.79 X 0.13 mm (Winston 1982). The lophophore measures an average of 0.205 mm in diameter, and bears 10 tentacles. Colonies tend to become covered in a fine layer of silt that makes them opaque in appearance.
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Distribution
Virginian, south side of Cape Cod, and extending northward of the subprovince limit
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
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Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Baai van Heist, Belgian Coast, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, British Isles, Calais, Den Helder, Duinbergen, Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone, European waters (ERMS scope), Gulf of Mexico, Koksijde, New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone, North West Atlantic, Oostende, Oosterschelde, Texelstroom, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, Waddengebied, Westerschelde, Westkapelle, Wimereux, Zeebrugge
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
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De Blauwe, Hans
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1071
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Lacourt, A.W. (1978). De Nederlandse mariene mosdiertjes: Bryozoa (Ectoprocta, Gymnolaemata) [Dutch marine Bryozoa (Ectoprocta, Gymnolaemata)]. Wetenschappelijke Mededeling KNNV, 129. KNNV/Strandwerkgemeenschap: Hoogwoud, The Netherlands. 21 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1078
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Hayward, P.J. (2001). Bryozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325-333
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1369
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De Blauwe, H. (2009). Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke Bocht van de Noordzee. Determinatiewerk voor België en Nederland. Uitgave Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende: 464pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=130048
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Migné, A.; Davoult, D. (2001). Faune et flore du littoral du Pas-de-Calais et de la Manche orientale: mise à jour de la liste des espèces de Bryozoaires [Fauna and flora of the Pas-de-Calais coast and the eastern English Channel: review of the Bryozoa species list]. Rev. Trav. Stat. Mar. Wimereux 2000(23): 12-16
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1167
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Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145244
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Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145245
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MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149081
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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A. palmata is a highly cosmopolitan species, occurring in the western Atlantic from Massachusetts south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and Brazil. A. palmata is likely to occur throughout the Indian River Lagoon; however, it is considered to be most common around the Sebastian Inlet area (Winston 1982).
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Physical Description
Size
Individuals measure 0.79 mm X 0.13 mm on average, with the lophophore measuring 0.205 mm in diameter (Winston 1982).
© Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce
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Look Alikes
A. palmata may easily be mistaken for silt-covered marine algae. However, the presence of the lophophore helps differentiate bryozoans from algae.
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Ecology
Habitat
Depth range based on 12 specimens in 1 taxon.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -99 - 16.5
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -99 - 16.5
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -99 - 16.5
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -99 - 16.5
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Trophic Strategy
A. palmata, like all bryozoans, is a suspension feeder. Each individual zooid in a colony has 10 ciliated tentacles that are extended to filter phytoplankton less than 0.045 mm in size (about 1/1800 of an inch) from the water column. Bullivant (1967; 1968) showed that the average individual zooid in a colony can clear 8.8 ml of water per day.Habitats: Typical habitat for A. palmata, especially around the Sebastian Inlet area is on the rocks of breakwaters (Winston 1982).
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Population Biology
A. palmata is locally abundant at Sebastian Inlet, where it can be collected between January and April. It has also been collected as late in the year as September from the Walton Rocks area (Winston 1982). In the IRL, it is considered a fouling organism (Winston 1995).Locomotion: Sessile
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Life History and Behavior
Growth
The embryology of A. palmata is unknown.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Anguinella palmata
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Benefit in IRL: Bryozoans are ecologically important in the Indian River Lagoon due to their feeding method. As suspension feeders, they act as living filters in the marine environment. For example, Winston (1995) reported that bryozoan colonies located in 1 square meter of seagrass bed could potentially filter and recirculate an average of 48,000 gallons of seawater per day.
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