The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. National Biodiversity Network Species Dictionary (January, 2003) http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nbn/
• 2. Tyler-Walters, H., 2000. Echinus esculentus. Edible sea urchin. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. (August, 2002) http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Echinusesculentus.htm
• 3. Fish, J.D. and Fish, S. (1996) A student's guide to the seashore. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• 4. Burnie, D. (2001) Animal. Dorling Kindersley, London.
• 5. Buczacki, S. (2002) Fauna Britannica. Hamlyn, London.
• 6. Penfold, R., Hughson, S. and Boyle, N. (1996) The Potential for a sea urchin fishery in Shetland. North Atlantic Fisheries College, Unknown. Available at http://www.nafc.ac.uk/Research/fdn5seaurchin.pdf
• 7. DTI. Conservation Sites in the Sea (January, 2003) http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/sea/index.php
• Birkett, D.A., Maggs, C.A., Dring, M.J. & Boaden, P.J.S., (1998b). Infralittoral reef biotopes with kelp species: an overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Natura 2000 report prepared by Scottish Association of Marine Science (SAMS) for the UK Marine SACs Project., Scottish Association for Marine Science. (UK Marine SACs Project, vol V.)., http://www.english-nature.org.uk/uk-marine/reports/pdfs/reefkelp.pdf
• Bishop, G.M. & Earll, R., (1984). Studies on the populations of Echinus esculentus at the St. Abbs and Skomer Voluntary Marine Nature Reserves. Progress in Underwater Science, 9, 53-66.
• Bishop, G.M., (1985). Aspects of the reproductive ecology of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. , Ph.D. thesis, University of Exeter, UK.
• Boolootian, R.A. (ed.), (1966). Physiology of Echinodermata. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Bower, S.M., (1996). Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish: Bald-sea-urchin Disease. [on-line]. SeaLane Diseases of Shellfish. http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/pages/bsudsu_e.htm, 2000-04-19 00:00:00
• Bradshaw, C., Veale, L.O., Hill, A.S. & Brand, A.R., (2000). The effects of scallop dredging on gravelly seabed communities. In: Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats (ed. M.J. Kaiser & de S.J. Groot), pp. 83-104. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
• Christie, H.; Jørgensen, N.M.; Norderhaug, K.M.; Waage-Nielsen, E. (2003). Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian Coast. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 83(4): 687-699
• Comely, C.A. & Ansell, A.D., (1988). Invertebrate associates of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. from the Scottish west coast. Ophelia, 28, 111-137.
• Dinnel, P.A., Pagano, G.G., & Oshido, P.S., (1988). A sea urchin test system for marine environmental monitoring. In Echinoderm Biology. Proceedings of the Sixth International Echinoderm Conference, Victoria, 23-28 August 1987, (R.D. Burke, P.V. Mladenov, P. Lambert, Parsley, R.L. ed.), pp 611-619. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
• Dyntaxa (2013) Swedish Taxonomic Database. Accessed at www.dyntaxa.se [15-01-2013].
• Echinus esculentus
• Emson, R.H., & Moore, P.G., (1998). Diet and gonad size in three populations of Echinus esculentus. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference San Francisco, California, USA, 5-9 August 1996. Echinoderms: San Francisco (ed. R. Mooi & M. Telford), pp. 641-644. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkena.
• Fibuier, Louis. 1868. Ocean World : Being a Descriptive History of the Sea and its Living Inhabitants. New York : D. Appleton & Co.; Fig. 114
• Fish, J.D. & Fish, S., (1996). A student's guide to the seashore. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gage, J.D., (1992). Growth bands in the sea urchin Echinus esculentus: results from tetracycline mark/recapture. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 72, 257-260.
• Gage, J.D., (1992). Natural growth bands and growth variability in the sea urchin Echinus esculentus: results from tetracycline tagging. Marine Biology, 114, 607-616.
• Gommez, J.L.C. & Miguez-Rodriguez, L.J., (1999). Effects of oil pollution on skeleton and tissues of Echinus esculentus L. 1758 (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in a population of A Coruna Bay, Galicia, Spain. In Echinoderm Research 1998. Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Echinoderms, Milan, 7-12 September 1998, (ed. M.D.C. Carnevali & F. Bonasoro) pp. 439-447. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
• Griffiths, A.B., Dennis, R. & Potts, G.W., (1979). Mortality associated with a phytoplankton bloom off Penzance in Mount's Bay. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59, 515-528.
• Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010).
• Hall-Spencer, J.M. & Moore, P.G., (2000a). Impact of scallop dredging on maerl grounds. In Effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. (ed. M.J. Kaiser & S.J., de Groot) 105-117. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
• Hansson, H.G. (Comp.) 1998. NEAT (North East Atlantic Taxa): Scandinavian Echinodermata Check-List
• Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (ed.), (1995b). Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
• Howson, C.M. & Picton, B.E. (ed.), (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Belfast: Ulster Museum. [Ulster Museum publication, no. 276.]
• Hyman, L.V., (1955). The Invertebrates: Vol. IV. Echinodermata. The coelomate Bilateria. New York: McGraw Hill.
• IMERS
• JNCC (Joint Nature Conservation Committee), (1999). Marine Environment Resource Mapping And Information Database (MERMAID): Marine Nature Conservation Review Survey Database. [on-line] http://www.jncc.gov.uk/mermaid,
• Kaiser, M.J., Ramsay, K., Richardson, C.A., Spence, F.E. & Brand, A.R., (2000). Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 494-503.
• Kinne, O. (ed.), (1984). Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters.Vol. V. Ocean Management Part 3: Pollution and Protection of the Seas - Radioactive Materials, Heavy Metals and Oil. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Koehler, R. (1921). Echinodermes. Faune de France, 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris. 216 pp.
• Kozloff, E.N. & Westervelt, C.A. Jr., (1990). Syndesmis rubida sp. nov. and S. albida sp. nov. (Turbellaria: Neorhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 31, 323-332.
• Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2013). WoRMS Echinoidea: World Echinoidea Database (version 2013-03-04). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 11th March 2013 (Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Kroh, A.; Hansson, H. (2013). Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758. In: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2013) World Echinoidea Database. Accessed through: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2013) World Echinoidea Database at http://www.marinespecies.org/echinoidea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=124287 on 2013-03-02
• Lang, C. & Mann, K.H., (1978). Changes in sea urchin populations after the destruction of kelp beds. Marine Biology, 36, 321-326.
• Lawrence, J.M., (1975). On the relationship between plants and sea-urchins. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 13, 213-286.
• Lewis, G.A. & Nichols, D., (1979b). Geotactic movement following disturbance in the European sea-urchin, Echinus esculentus (Echinodermata: echinoidea). Progress in Underwater Science, 5, 171-186.
• Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp.
• MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.  
• MacBride, E.W., (1903). The development of Echinus esculentus together with some points on the development of E. miliaris and E. acutus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 195, 285-327.
• MacBride, E.W., (1914). Textbook of Embryology, Vol. I, Invertebrata. London: MacMillan & Co.
• Massin, Cl.; De Ridder, Ch. (1989). Les échinodermes de Belgique [The Echinodermata from Belgium], in: Wouters, K.; Baert, L. (Ed.) (1989). Proceedings of the Symposium "Invertebrates of Belgium". pp. 395-402
• Moore, P.G., (1977a). Inorganic particulate suspensions in the sea and their effects on marine animals. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 15, 225-363.
• Mortensen, T.H., (1927). Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
• NBN (National Biodiversity Network), (2002). National Biodiversity Network gateway. http://www.searchnbn.net, 2008-10-31 00:00:00
• Nichols, D., (1969). Echinoderms (4th ed.). London: Hutchinson & Co.
• Nichols, D., (1979). A nationwide survey of the British Sea Urchin Echinus esculentus. Progress in Underwater Science, 4, 161-187.
• Nichols, D., (1981). The Cornish Sea-urchin Fishery. Cornish Studies, 9, 5-18.
• Nichols, D., (1984). An investigation of the population dynamics of the common edible sea urchin (Echinus esculentus L.) in relation to species conservation management. Report to Department of the Environment and Nature Conservancy Council from the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter.
• Pearce, C.M., & Scheibling, R.E., (1990). Induction of Metamorphosis of Larvae of the Green Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, by Coralline Red Algae. Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 179, 304-311.
• Penfold, R., Hughson, S., & Boyle, N., (1996). The potential for a sea urchin fishery in Shetland. http://www.nafc.ac.uk/publish/note5/note5.htm, 2000-04-14 00:00:00
• Picton, B.E. & Costello, M.J., (1998). BioMar biotope viewer: a guide to marine habitats, fauna and flora of Britain and Ireland. [CD-ROM] Environmental Sciences Unit, Trinity College, Dublin., http://www.itsligo.ie/biomar/
• Smith, J.E. (ed.), (1968). 'Torrey Canyon'. Pollution and marine life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Southward, E.C.; Campbell, A.C. (2006). [Echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of British species]. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 56. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-269-2. 272 pp.
• Todd, C.D., Laverack, M.S. & Boxshall, G.A., (1996). Coastal Marine Zooplankton: A practical manual for students. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tyler, P.A. & Young, C.M., (1998). Temperature and pressures tolerances in dispersal stages of the genus Echinus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): prerequisites for deep sea invasion and speciation. Deep Sea Research II, 45, 253-277
• Ursin, E., (1960). A quantitative investigation of the echinoderm fauna of the central North Sea. Meddelelser fra Danmark Fiskeri-og-Havundersogelser, 2, No. 24, 204pp.