The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

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• Borges, P.A.V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Gonçalves, V., Martins, A.F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R.S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.) (2010). A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Princípia, Oeiras, 432 pp.
• Bryan, G.W., (1984). Pollution due to heavy metals and their compounds. In Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in the Oceans and Coastal Waters, vol. 5. Ocean Management, part 3, (ed. O. Kinne), pp.1289-1431. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Buchanan, J.B., (1966). The biology of Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata: Spatangoidea) from different habitats. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 46, 97-114.
• Buchanan, J.B., (1967). Dispersion and demography of some infaunal echinoderm populations. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 20, 1-11.
• Cabioch, L., Dauvin, J.C. & Gentil, F., (1978). Preliminary observations on pollution of the sea bed and disturbance of sub-littoral communities in northern Brittany by oil from the Amoco Cadiz. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 9, 303-307.
• Caspers, H., (1980). Adaptation and biocoenotic associations of echinoderms in a sewage dumping area of the southern North Sea. A macro-scale experiment. In Echinoderms: present and past (ed. M. Jangoux), pp. 189-198. Rotterdam: Balkema.
• Cattrijsse, A.; Vincx, M. (2001). Biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the Belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs: Brussel, Belgium. 48 pp.
• Clark, A.M. and J. Courtman-Stock. (1976). The echinoderms of southern Africa. Publ. No. 766. British Museum (Nat. Hist), London. 277 pp.
• Coulon, P. & Jangoux, M., (1987). Gregarine species (Apicomplexa) parasitic in the burrowing echinoid Echinocardium cordatum: occurrence and host reaction. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2, 135-145.
• Crisp, D.J. (ed.), (1964). The effects of the severe winter of 1962-63 on marine life in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology, 33, 165-210.
• Daan, R. & Mulder, M., (1996). On the short-term and long-term impact of drilling activities in the Dutch sector of the North Sea ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53, 1036-1044.
• Davoult, D. (2002). Faune et flore du littoral du Pas-de-Calais et de la Manche orientale: mise à jour de la liste des espèces d'Echinodermes [Fauna and flora of the Pas-de-Calais coast and the eastern English Channel: review of the echinoderm species list]. Rev. Trav. Stat. Mar. Wimereux 2001(24): 1-3
• Degraer S., J. Wittoeck, W. Appeltans, K. Cooreman, T. Deprez, H. Hillewaert, K. Hostens, J. Mees, E. Vanden Berghe & M. Vincx (2006). The macrobenthos atlas of the Belgian part of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy. D/2005/1191/3. ISBN 90-810081-6-1. 164 pp.
• Diaz, R.J. & Rosenberg, R., (1995). Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 33, 245-303.
• Dinnel, P.A., Pagano, G.G., & Oshido, P.S., (1988). A sea urchin test system for marine environmental monitoring. In Echinoderm Biology. Proceedings of the Sixth International Echinoderm Conference, Victoria, 23-28 August 1987, (R.D. Burke, P.V. Mladenov, P. Lambert, Parsley, R.L. ed.), pp 611-619. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
• Duineveld, G.C.A. & Jenness, M.I., (1984). Differences in growth rates of the sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum as estimated by the parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation applied to skeletal rings. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 19, 64-72.
• Eleftheriou, A. & Robertson, M.R., (1992). The effects of experimental scallop dredging on the fauna and physical environment of a shallow sandy community. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 30, 289-299.
• Eneman, E. (1984). Uit het Natuurhistorisch Archief [From the Natural History Archive]. De Strandvlo 4(1): 4-17
• Fish, J.D. & Fish, S., (1996). A student's guide to the seashore. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
• Guillou, J., (1985). Population dynamics of Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant) in the bay of Douarnenez (Brittany). In Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinocardium Conference / Galway / 24-29 September 1984 (ed. B.F. Keegan & B.D.S. O'Conner), 275-280. Rotterdam: Balkema.
• Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010).
• Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 336-351
• Hansson, H.G. (Comp.) 1998. NEAT (North East Atlantic Taxa): Scandinavian Echinodermata Check-List
• Hayward, P., Nelson-Smith, T. & Shields, C., (1996). Collins pocket guide. Sea shore of Britain and northern Europe. London: HarperCollins.
• Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (ed.), (1995b). Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Heip, C.H.R.; Herman, R.L.; Bisschop, G.; Govaere, J.C.R.; Holvoet, M.; van Damme, D.; Vanosmael, C.; Willems, K.R.; De Coninck, L.A.P. (1979). Benthic studies of the Southern Bight of the North Sea and its adjacent continental estuaries: Progress Report 1, in: (1979). Coordinated Research Actions Interuniversitary Actions Oceanology: symposium reports. pp. 133-163
• Higgins, H.C., (1974). Specific status of Echinocardium cordatum, E. australe and E. zealandium (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) around New Zealand, with comments on the relation of morphological variation to environment. Journal of Zoology, 173, 451-475.
• Holtmann, S.E.; Groenewold, A.; Schrader, K.H.M.; Asjes, J.; Craeymeersch, J.A.; Duineveld, G.C.A.; van Bostelen, A.J.; van der Meer, J. (1996). Atlas of the zoobenthos of the Dutch continental shelf. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management: Rijswijk, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-369-4301-9. 243 pp.
• Hostens, K.; Mees, J.; Hummel, H. (2003). The mobile macro-invertebrate fauna of the Oosterschelde and the Westerschelde (SW Netherlands), in: Hostens, K. (2003). The demersal fish and macro-invertebrate assemblages of the Westerschelde and Oosterschelde estuaries (Southern Bight of the North Sea). pp. 87-103
• ILVO epifauna en demersale visdata: epifauna en demersale vismonitoring op het Belgisch deel van de Noordzee sinds 1979
• ILVO macrofauna data: macrofauna monitoring on the Belgian Part of the North Sea since 1979
• Jennings, S. & Kaiser, M.J., (1998). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology, 34, 201-352.
• Kashenko, S.D., (1994). Larval development of the heart urchin Echinocardium cordatum feeding on different macroalgae. Biologiya Morya, 20, 385-389.
• Kinne, O. (ed.), (1984). Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters.Vol. V. Ocean Management Part 3: Pollution and Protection of the Seas - Radioactive Materials, Heavy Metals and Oil. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Koehler, R. (1921). Echinodermes. Faune de France, 1. Librairie de la Faculte des Sciences, Paris. 216 pp.
• Koukouras, A., Sinis, A. I., Bobori, D., Kazantzidis, S. & Kitsos, M.-S. 2007. The echinoderm (Deuterostomia) fauna of the Aegean Sea, and comparison with those of the neighbouring seas. Journal of Biological Research 7, 67-92.
• Koukouras, Athanasios. (2010). Check-list of marine species from Greece. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Assembled in the framework of the EU FP7 PESI project.
• Kroh, A.; Hansson, H. (2012). Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777). In: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2012) World Echinoidea Database. Accessed through: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2012) World Echinoidea Database at http://www.marinespecies.org/echinoidea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=124392 on 2012-05-24
• Lawrence, J.M., (1996). Mass mortality of echinoderms from abiotic factors. In Echinoderm Studies Vol. 5 (ed. M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence), pp. 103-137. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
• Leewis, R. (2002). Flora en fauna van de zee [Marine flora and fauna]. Veldgids, 16. KNNV Uitgeverij: Utrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5011-153-X. 320 pp.
• Leloup, E. (1952). Contributions à l'étude de la faune belge: 19. Observation sur la crevette grise au large de la côte belge en 1949 [Contribution to the study on the Belgian fauna: 19. Observation on the brown shrimp along the Belgian coast in 1949]. Med. K. Belg. Inst. Nat. Wet. 18(1): 1-28
• MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.  
• MacNae, W. & M. Kalk (eds) (1958). A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Witwatersrand Univ. Press, Johannesburg. I-iv, 163 pp.
• Massin, Cl.; De Ridder, Ch. (1989). Les échinodermes de Belgique [The Echinodermata from Belgium], in: Wouters, K.; Baert, L. (Ed.) (1989). Proceedings of the Symposium "Invertebrates of Belgium". pp. 395-402
• Mortensen, T.H., (1927). Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
• Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
• Nichols, D., (1969). Echinoderms (4th ed.). London: Hutchinson & Co.
• Niermann, U., (1997). Macrobenthos of the south-eastern North Sea during 1983-1988. Berichte der Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland, 13, 144pp.
• Nilsson, H.C. & Rosenberg, R., (1994). Hypoxic response of two marine benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 115, 209-217.
• Pearson, T.H. & Rosenberg, R., (1976). A comparative study of the effects on the marine environment of wastes from cellulose industries in Scotland and Sweden. Ambio, 5, 77-79.
• Probert, P.K., (1981). Changes in the benthic community of china clay waste deposits is Mevagissey Bay following a reduction of discharges. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 789-804.
• Ridder de, C., David, B., Laurin, B. & Gall le, P., (1991). Population dynamics of the spatangoid echinoid Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant) in the Bay of Seine, Normandy. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Echinoderm Conference Atami, 9 - 14 September 1991: Biology of Echinodermata, (ed. Yanagisawa, T., Yasumasu, I., Oguro, C., Suzuki, N. & Motokawa, T.), 153-158. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Rumohr, H. & Kujawski, T., (2000). The impact of trawl fishery on the epifauna of the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1389-1394.
• Simons, E.; Simons, G.; Corstanje, H. (1988). Report on the beach excursion at Oostduinkerke (Belgium) on 2 November 1988 [Verslag van de strandexcursie te Oostduinkerke op 2 november 1988]. De Strandvlo 8(4): 206-209
• Smith, J.E. (ed.), (1968). 'Torrey Canyon'. Pollution and marine life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Southward, A.J. & Southward, E.C., (1978). Recolonisation of rocky shores in Cornwall after use of toxic dispersants to clean up the Torrey Canyon spill. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 35, 682-706.
• Southward, E.C.; Campbell, A.C. (2006). [Echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of British species]. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 56. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-269-2. 272 pp.
• Stickle, W.B. & Diehl, W.J., (1987). Effects of salinity on echinoderms. In Echinoderm Studies, Vol. 2, (ed. M. Jangoux & J.M. Lawrence), pp. 235-285.
• Stronkhorst, J., Hattum van, B. & Bowmer, T., (1999). Bioaccumulation and toxicity of tributyltin to a burrowing heart urchin and an amphipod in spiked, silty marine sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18, 2343-2351.
• Suchanek, T.H., (1993). Oil impacts on marine invertebrate populations and communities. American Zoologist, 33, 510-523.
• Vanhaelen, M.-Th. (1990). Observations at Koksijde and Oostduinkerke after the heavy winter storms of 26-27 February and 1-2 March 1990 [Waarnemingen te Koksijde en Oostduinkerke na de zware winterstormen van 26-27 februari en 1-2 maart 1990]. De Strandvlo 10(4): 88-92
• Wolff, W.J., (1968). The Echinodermata of the estuarine region of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt, with a list of species occurring in the coastal waters of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 4, 59-85.
• Zühlke, R.; Alvsvåg, J.; De Boois, I.; Cotter, J.; Ehrich, S.; Ford, A.; Hinz, H.; Jarre-Teichmann, A.; Jennings, S.; Kröncke, I.; Lancaster, J.; Piet, G.; Prince, P. (2001). Epibenthic diversity in the North Sea. Senckenb. Marit. 31(2): 269-281
• d'Udekem d'Acoz, C. (1990). Notes on some organisms collected between Wenduine and De Haan on 3 March 1990 [Notes sur quelques organismes recueillis entre Wenduine et De Haan le 3 mars 1990]. De Strandvlo 10(3): 74-78