Overview
Comprehensive Description
Description
A sea cucumber with a cylindrical, dark brown or bluish-purple body, and very tough, leathery skin. A large sea cucumber up to 50 cm long when fully grown. The tentacles and mouth region can be quite colourful, with areas of white or red. The contractile tube feet are present in five distinct rows. The ten equal-sized tentacles are black and bushy when extended. Fenestrate plates (microscopic calcareous plates containing small holes) present in younger animals but may be absent in larger specimens.A detailed taxonomic description is provided by McKenzie (1991).
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Marine Life Information Network
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Description
A large black sea cucumber with enormous bushy tentacles. The body is fat and the skin thick and leathery. There are five distinct rows of tube-feet. The skin of small specimens contains spicules but these are very sparse in larger specimens. Up to 50cm in length. The large bushy tentacles are quite different to those of Holothuria forskali the only other large black sea cucumber likely to be encountered.
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Distribution
Distribution
Arctic Ocean, Atlantic, Barents Sea, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, Canada, Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone [Arctic part], Clyde Sea, Cobscook Bay, Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone, East Greenland, European waters (ERMS scope), Faeroes, FAO fishing area 18, Faroe Islands, Greenlandic Exclusive Economic Zone, Gulf of Maine, Hudson Strait, Iceland, Icelandic Exclusive Economic Zone, Irish Exclusive economic Zone, Kara Sea, North East Atlantic, North Scotland, North Sea, North West Atlantic, Northern North Pacific, Norway, Norwegian Exclusive Economic Zone, Orkney, Saguenay Fjord, Scotland, Shetlands, Skagerrak, Spitsbergen, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, USA, West Coast of Scotland, Wimereux
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
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North East Atlantic Taxa
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=64
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Massin, Cl.; De Ridder, Ch. (1989). Les échinodermes de Belgique [The Echinodermata from Belgium], in: Wouters, K.; Baert, L. (Ed.) (1989). Proceedings of the Symposium "Invertebrates of Belgium". pp. 395-402
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1038
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Southward, E.C.; Campbell, A.C. (2006). [Echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of British species]. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 56. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-269-2. 272 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9214
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Madsen, F.J.; Hansen, B. (1994). Echinodermata Holothurioidea. Marine invertebrates of Scandinavia, 9. Scandinavian University Press: Oslo, Norway. ISBN 82-00-03936-6. 143 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=662
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Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 336-351
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1368
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Trott, T.J. 2004. Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist (Special Issue 2): 261 - 324.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=3072
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Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) database, compiled by Ann Knowlton.
http://www.marinespecies.org/arms/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145467
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MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149081
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Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010).
http://www.marinespecies.org/ascidiacea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149068
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Miller, Roberta. 2011. The St. Anne de Bellevue Arctic Biological Station Collection In Museum collection database, Fisheries and Oceans Canada digital collections, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Quebec
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=150285
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Bossé, L., B. Sainte-Marie et J. Fournier (1996). Les invertébrés des fonds meubles et la biogéographie du fjord du Saguenay. Rapp. tech. can. sci. halieut. aquat. 2 132: vii + 45 p.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=153966
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Siferd, Tim. 2010. Central and Arctic multi-species stock assessment surveys. In OBIS Canada Digital Collections. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. OBIS Canada Ver1
http://www.marinespecies.org/ophiuroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=155140
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Distribution
Arctic to Cape Cod
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Distribution
From low intertidal to more than 200 m depth, among rocks, stones and seaweed; northern Scotland, Orkeny, Shetland and the northern of the North Sea
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Southward, E.C.; Campbell, A.C. (2006). [Echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of British species]. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 56. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-269-2. 272 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9214
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Distribution
Recorded from the north east coast of Scotland, Shetland and Orkney. The range may have retracted northwards in the last hundred years as there are old records from the west coast of Scotland.
© National Museums Northern Ireland and its licensors
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat
Known from rocky shores.
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Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) database, compiled by Ann Knowlton.
http://www.marinespecies.org/arms/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145467
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Habitat
intertidal, infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Depth range based on 446 specimens in 2 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 303 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 265
Temperature range (°C): -0.962 - 11.782
Nitrate (umol/L): 2.631 - 17.420
Salinity (PPS): 32.125 - 35.221
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.308 - 7.535
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.418 - 1.528
Silicate (umol/l): 2.666 - 29.140
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 265
Temperature range (°C): -0.962 - 11.782
Nitrate (umol/L): 2.631 - 17.420
Salinity (PPS): 32.125 - 35.221
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.308 - 7.535
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.418 - 1.528
Silicate (umol/l): 2.666 - 29.140
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 303 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 265
Temperature range (°C): -0.962 - 11.782
Nitrate (umol/L): 2.631 - 17.420
Salinity (PPS): 32.125 - 35.221
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.308 - 7.535
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.418 - 1.528
Silicate (umol/l): 2.666 - 29.140
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 265
Temperature range (°C): -0.962 - 11.782
Nitrate (umol/L): 2.631 - 17.420
Salinity (PPS): 32.125 - 35.221
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.308 - 7.535
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.418 - 1.528
Silicate (umol/l): 2.666 - 29.140
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat
Found on the lower shore and shallow sublittoral, to perhaps 200 m, on coarse grounds, often among kelp holdfasts. It can also be found on rocky substrata.
© The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
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Marine Life Information Network
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Habitat
Lives in rocky areas, with the body attached to elevated rock surfaces, often just below low tide mark and in shallow water.
© National Museums Northern Ireland and its licensors
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Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Breeding
Barrel - shaped, red larvae. Early spring
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Southward, E.C.; Campbell, A.C. (2006). [Echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of British species]. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 56. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-269-2. 272 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9214
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Cucumaria frondosa
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 363 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
Download FASTA File
There are 363 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
DSPEC712-08|HUNT0035|Cucumaria frondosa| ---------------------------------------ACACTCTACCTTATATTTGGTGCCTGAGCAGGAATGATCGGGACAGCAATG---AGAGTAATTATCCGAACCGAACTTGCACAACCTGGATCCCTACTTAAAGAC---GACCAGATATATAAAACTATAGTTACAGCCCACGCCCTAGTCATGATCTTCTTCATGGTAATGCCAATAATGGTAGGAGGATTTGGAAAATGATTAATCCCTCTAATG---ATAGGGGCTCCCGACATGGCCTTCCCTCGAATGAAAAACATGAGATTCTGACTAATACCTCCCTCATTTATCCTCCTCCTAGCCTCCGCAGGAGTAGAAAAAGGGGCAGGAACCGGATGAACACTCTACCCCCCTCTATCAAGAAAAATCGCCCACGCAGGAGGATCAGTTGATCTT---GCGATCTTCTCCCTTCACCTAGCAGGAGCTTCATCAATTCTTGCTTCAATAAAATTTATTACTACAATTATAAAAATGCGAAGCCCAGGAGTAACTTTCGACCGACTGCCCCTATTTGTCTGGTCAATTTTCATAACAGCCTTCCTTCTCCTTCTTAGTCTCCCAGTCCTAGCAGGA---GCCATAACAATGCTCCTCACAGACCGAAACATTAAAACTTCATTCTTCGACCCCGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCTATACTCTTCCAACACCTATTCTGATTTTTTGGCCATCCAGAAGTATATATCCTTATACTCCCTGGATTCGGAATGATATCACACGTAATAGCCCACTATAGAGGAAAGCAA---GAGCCATTTGGGTACCTAGGAATGGTGTATGCAATGGTAGCAATCGGTATCCTAGGATTCCTAGTATGAGCACACCATATGTTCACCGTAGGA----
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Cucumaria frondosa
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 364
Species: 364
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 364
Species: 364
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Wikipedia
Orange-footed sea cucumber
The Orange-footed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the largest sea cucumber in New England.[2] It is one of the most abundant and widespread species of holothurians within the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea (Russia), [3] being most abundant along the eastern coast of North America. [4][5]
Description
These sea cucumbers reach around 20 cm (8 in) in length and have ten branched oral tentacles ranging in colour from orange to black.[6] This species has a football shape with a leathery skin ranging in colour from yellowish white to dark brownish-black and is covered with five rows of retractile tube feet.[6][7] The young are about 1 mm to 6 mm long and are translucent orange and pink.[6] Three of these bands of tube feet are found on bottom whereas the top rows are often reduced. Adults of C. frondosa have a reduced numbers of spicules (skeletal structures) shaped like rounded plates with many holes.[8] The sexes can be identified by the conspicuous tube-shaped (female) or heart-shaped (male) gonopore located under the crown of oral tentacles.[9]
Habitat
Their habitat is rocks, crevices or low-tide Arctic water.[10] They are known to cover vast areas of the substrate at depths of less than 30 meters (100 ft). [11][12]
References
- ^ Hansson, Hans (2010). "Cucumaria frondosa (Gunnerus, 1767)". World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=124612. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ Leland W. Pollock 1998 - A Practical Guide to the Marine Animals of Northeastern North America -Rutgers University Press Page 276
- ^ Gudimova, E.N., Gudimov, A., and Colline, P. 2004. A study of the biology for fishery in two populations of Cucumaria frondosa: In the Barents Sea (Russia) and in the Gulf of Maine (USA). In Echinoderms: München. Edited by T. Heinzeller and J.H. Nebelsick. CRC Press, London.
- ^ Hyman, L.H. 1955. The invertebrates: Echinodermata. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
- ^ Jordan, A.J. 1972. On the ecology and behavior of Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Lamoine Beach, Maine. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biology, The University of Maine, Orono, M.E. 74 pp.
- ^ a b c Gosner, K.L. 1978. This species of Sea Cucumber can move about two feet per day. It is able to accomplish this task by the movement of its stomach wall muscles. Peterson field guides: Atlantic seashore. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- ^ Jordan, A. J. 1972. On the ecology and behaviour of Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea at Lamoine Beach, Maine. Ph.D. thesis, University of Maine and Orono, Orono. United States.
- ^ Levin, V. S., and Gudimova, E. N. 2000. Taxonomic interrelations of holothurians Cucumaria frondosa and C. japonica (Dendrochirotida, Cucumariidae). S.P.C. Beche-de-mer Inf. Bull. 13: 22-29.
- ^ Hamel, J.-F. and Mercier, A. 1996a. Early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 253-271.
- ^ Andrew J. Martinez - 2003 - Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England - Aqua Quest Publications Page 178
- ^ Jordan, A.J. 1972. On the ecology and behavior of Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Lamoine Beach, Maine. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biology, The University of Maine, Orono, M.E. 74 pp.
- ^ Singh, R., MacDonald, B.A., Lawton, P., and Thomas, M.L.H. 1998. Feeding response of the dendrochirote sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) to changing food concentrations in the laboratory. Can. J. Zool. 76: 1842-1849.
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