The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
• Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & J. L. Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
• Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
• Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
• Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacific N.W. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
• Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns and Fern Allies of the United States and Canada. 389 pp.
• Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Taylor, T. M. C. 1970. Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies. 247 pp.