Overview
Distribution
Argentina (South America)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Colombia (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
French Guiana (South America)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Guyana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Peru (South America)
Suriname (South America)
United States (North America)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)
Venezuela (South America)
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Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/100002289
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Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103
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Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1033072
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Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns and Fern Allies of the United States and Canada. 389 pp.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1316
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Small, J. K. 1938. Ferns of the Southeastern States. 517 pp.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1353
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Smith, A. R. 1981. Pteridophytes. 2: 1–370. In D. E. Breedlove Fl. Chiapas. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/6014
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Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1371
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Breedlove, D. E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Floríst. México 4: i–v, 1–246.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/513
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/10884
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Pérez, A., M. Sousa Sánchez, A. M. Hanan-Alipi, F. Chiang Cabrera & P. Tenorio L. 2005. Vegetación terrestre. 65–110. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1030034
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Novelo, A. & L. Ramos. 2005. Vegetación acuática. Cap. 5: 111–144. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1030036
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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National Distribution
United States
Origin: Unknown/Undetermined
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
© NatureServe
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Global Range: Naturalized in Hawaii from tropical America (Valier 1995).
© NatureServe
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Physical Description
Morphology
Description
- Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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Comments
Phlebodium aureum , a tetraploid species, is believed to have arisen through allopolyploidy following hybridization between P . pseudoaureum and P . decumanum (Willdenow) J. Smith, a widespread species in tropical America.
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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Diagnostic Description
Synonym
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat & Distribution
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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Comments: Epiphytic, often on tree trunks. In the U.S., frequently occurs on Sabal palmetto (Lellinger, 1985).
© NatureServe
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Conservation
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Reasons: Found in Georgia and Florida. Common throughout Greater and Lesser Antilles (except Puerto Rico), Bahamas, Trinidad, Guadaloupe, and continental tropical America.
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Wikipedia
Phlebodium aureum
Phlebodium aureum (Golden polypody, Golden serpent fern or Cabbage palm fern; syns Polypodium aureum, Polypodium leucatomos - commonly, but incorrectly, cited as Polypodium leucotomos) is an epiphytic fern native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. It is confined to the eastern side of the continents, extending north into the United States to Florida and the extreme southeast of Georgia, and south through the Caribbean (the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Lesser Antilles), and northern and eastern South America to Paraguay. It is the only species of Phlebodium found in North America, the other ten or so species all confined to South America. Other common names include Calaguala (among Spanish speaking peoples), Kalawalla, Samambia[1], and Anapsos.
It is a rhizomatous fern, with the creeping rhizome 8-15 mm (rarely 30 mm) in diameter, densely covered in the golden-brown scales that give the species its name. The fronds are large and pinnatifid (deeply lobed), from 30-130 cm long and 10-50 cm broad, with up to 35 pinnae; they vary in color from bright green to glaucous green and have undulate margins. Several round sori run along each side of the pinna midrib, and the minute spores are wind-dispersed. The fronds are evergreen in areas with year-round rainfall, semi-evergreen or briefly deciduous in areas with a marked dry season.
Habitat
This fern is rarely terrestrial in habitat, usually colonizing the canopies of tropical rainforests and the dwarf palms of subtropical forests. It is common in the cloud forests of the Caribbean and northern South America. It grows in varied habitats in Florida, including swamps and hammocks, and can thus apparently tolerate a wide range of microclimates. Its restriction to the tropics and subtropics is readily explained by its intolerance of anything other than very brief, light frosts. High levels of light are also critical for growth of this species, and its deciduous habit allows it to invade relatively dry areas.
Cultivation and uses
Phlebodium aureum is well-adapted to cultivation and is valued both as an ornamental plant and in herbal medicine.
It can be cultivated in greenhouses in nontropical climates if night temperatures do not fall below about 5 °C. Several cultivars have been selected for garden planting, with varying leaf color from grey-green to silver-green to blue-green, or with cristate or very wavy frond margins.
Decoctions have been used as a panacea in Central American folk medicine. These tonics were prescribed for a multitude of ailments, ranging from asthma to heart disease. A close relative, Polypodium vulgare, was used historically in Europe up to the Renaissance to relieve coughing and treat mental illness. Its use as a tea for blood cleansing began with the Mayans, and continues today in Honduran culture.
It has been shown to be effective when administered orally as an immunomodulator (selectively modulates overactive immune cells), antipsoriatic, neuroprotective (protects brain cells), cough suppressant, anti-inflammatory, and ultraviolet light protectant.[2] [3] [4] [5] It has been commercially available since 1982 in Europe, and as yet has had no toxicity reports, although it may enhance the effects of digoxin and/or other digoxin-type prescription heart drugs.
Its uses include:
- for psoriasis and other skin conditions
- for Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and memory problems
- for coughs, bronchitis, chest colds, and other upper respiratory problems
- for autoimmune disorders
It is also reported to have been an aid for those with Multiple Sclerosis and Vitiligo.
A common registered brand includes Heliocare based in Spain. Additionally US patents have been granted for various processes for producing extracts.
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phlebodium aureum |
References
- ^ Taylor, Leslie Granville (2005). The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: A Guide to Understanding and Using Herbal Medicinals. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Publishers. ISBN 0-7570-0144-0.
- ^ Gonzalez S, Alonso-Lebrero JL, Del Rio R, Jaen P (July 2007). "Polypodium leucotomos extract: a nutraceutical with photoprotective properties". Drugs Today 43 (7): 475–85. doi:10.1358/dot.2007.43.7.1062667. PMID 17728848.
- ^ Middelkamp-Hup MA, Pathak MA, Parrado C, et al. (December 2004). "Oral Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases ultraviolet-induced damage of human skin". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 51 (6): 910–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.06.027. PMID 15583582.
- ^ Siscovick JR, Zapolanski T, Magro C, et al. (June 2008). "Polypodium leucotomos inhibits ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 24 (3): 134–41. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00352.x. PMID 18477132.
- ^ Mulero M, Rodríguez-Yanes E, Nogués MR, et al. (August 2008). "Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits glutathione oxidation and prevents Langerhans cell depletion induced by UVB/UVA radiation in a hairless rat model". Exp. Dermatol. 17 (8): 653–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00684.x. PMID 18312382.
- Flora of North America: Phlebodium aureum
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Phlebodium aureum
- Copeland, E. B. 1947. Genera Filicinum. The Genera of Ferns. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass.
- Lellinger, D.B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-allies of the United States & Canada. Smithsonian. Washington DC.
- Studlar, S. M. 2006. Phlebodium aurem. Biology Department. West Virginia University.
- Phlebodium aureum in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
- New Sunscreens Promise Advances in Protection
- MedlinePlus: Polypodium leucotomos extract and anapsos
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