Pteris vittata — Details

Pycnodoria vittata (L.) Small:
United States (North America)

Small, J. K. 1938. Ferns of the Southeastern States. 517 pp. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1353

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Pteris vittata L.:
Argentina (South America)
Brazil (South America)
China (Asia)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Peru (South America)
Suriname (South America)
United States (North America)
Venezuela (South America)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)

Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/100002289
Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103
Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1033072
Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns and Fern Allies of the United States and Canada. 389 pp. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1316
Pfeiffer-Berendsohn, B. 1989. Pteridophyta in: Listado Basico de la Flora Salvadorensis. Cuscatlania 1: 1–28. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/11333
Mickel, J. T. & A. R. Smith. 2004. The Pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88: 1–1054. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1025841
Tardieu-Blot, M. L. 1958. Pteridacees. Fl. Madagasc. 5(4): 65–112. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/583
Tryon, R. M. 1964. The ferns of Peru, Polypodiaceae (Dennstaedtia to Oleandreae). Contr. Gray Herb. 194: 1–253. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/7300
Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2). http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1371
Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1031911
Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. Huber. 2008. Nuev. Cat. Fl. Vas. Venezuela 1–860. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1033110
Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1719
Munz, P. A. 1968. Suppl. Calif. Fl. 1–224. University of California Press, Berkeley. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1718
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1988-2013. Fl. China Unpaginated. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/42480
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/10884
Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez & S. Knapp. (eds.) 1995. Psilotaceae a Salviniaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 1: i–xxi, 1–470. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/47044
Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1989. Pteridophyta of Peru---Part II: 13. Pteridaceae--15. Dennstaedtiaceae. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 22: 1–128. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/10179

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National Distribution

United States

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

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Physical Description

Morphology

Comments

Pteris vittata has escaped from cultivation. It is found on almost any calcareous substrate, such as old masonry, sidewalks, building crevices, and nearly every habitat in southern Florida with exposed limestone, notably pinelands. It is scattered throughout Florida and is sporadic, becoming less frequent to rare northward in the coastal plain.

Pteris vittata varies exceedingly in size, density of scales on the rachis, presence or absence of hairs on the abaxial costae, and overall color and aspect of the leaf. As a result, it may occasionally bear a resemblance to forms of P . × delchampsii W. H. Wagner & Nauman, the hybrid between P . bahamensis and P . vittata .

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Description

Stems stout, short-creeping, densely scaly; scales pale brown. Leaves clustered, 1--10 dm. Petiole green to pale brown, 1--30 cm, densely scaly; scales dense proximally, extending to and along rachis. Blade oblanceolate, 1-pinnate, (15--)25--50(--80) × (6--)13--25 cm; rachis not winged. Pinnae numerous, separated proximally, closely spaced to barely overlapping distally, not remaining green through winter, not decurrent on rachis, not articulate to rachis, linear-lanceolate to linear-attenuate, simple, 2--18 cm × 4--9 mm; base asymmetrically cordate to widened or truncate; margins serrulate, prominently so near apex; apex acuminate, attenuate, or acute; scales of rachis grading into uniseriate hairs on abaxial costae, or hairs absent on abaxial costae; proximal pinnae not divided or lobed. Veins free, forked. Sori narrow, blade tissue exposed abaxially. 2 n = 116.

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Diagnostic Description

Synonym

Pycnodoria vittata (Linnaeus) Small

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Ecology

Habitat

Comments: Terrestrial or epipetric on limestone (Lellinger, 1985).

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Habitat & Distribution

Roadsides and other disturbed habitats; coastal plain; 0--50 m; introduced; Ala., Calif., D.C., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., S.C.; West Indies; South America; native to Asia.

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Evolution and Systematics

Functional Adaptations

Functional adaptation

Maintain community > Provide ecosystem services > Detoxification/purification of air/water/waste

Fronds hyperaccumulate arsenic: ladder brake fern

Fronds of ladder brake ferns hyperaccumulate toxic arsenic using a special transporter protein that spatially isolates the chemical in vacuoles.

Get, store, or distribute resources > Store > Chemical entities

Maintain physical integrity > Protect from abiotic factors > Chemicals

"The fern Pteris vittata tolerates and hyperaccumulates exceptionally high levels of the toxic metalloid arsenic, and this trait appears unique to the Pteridaceae. Once taken up by the root, arsenate is reduced to arsenite as it is transported to the lamina of the frond, where it is stored in cells as free arsenite. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of two P. vittata genes, ACR3 and ACR3;1, which encode proteins similar to the ACR3 arsenite effluxer of yeast. Pv ACR3 is able to rescue the arsenic-sensitive phenotypes of yeast deficient for ACR3. ACR3 transcripts are upregulated by arsenic in sporophyte roots and gametophytes, tissues that directly contact soil, whereas ACR3;1 expression is unaffected by arsenic. Knocking down the expression of ACR3, but not ACR3;1, in the gametophyte results in an arsenite-sensitive phenotype, indicating that ACR3 plays a necessary role in arsenic tolerance in the gametophyte. We show that ACR3 localizes to the vacuolar membrane in gametophytes, indicating that it likely effluxes arsenite into the vacuole for sequestration. Whereas single-copy ACR3 genes are present in moss, lycophytes, other ferns, and gymnosperms, none are present in angiosperms. The duplication of ACR3 in P. vittata and the loss of ACR3 in angiosperms may explain arsenic tolerance in this unusual group of ferns while precluding the same trait in angiosperms." (Indriolo et al. 2010)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.

Indriolo E; Na G; Ellis D; Salt DE; Banks JA. 2010. A vacuolar arsenite transporter necessary for arsenic tolerance in the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittata is missing in flowering plants. Plant Cell.
2010. Fern's evolution gives arsenic tolerance that may clean toxic land. ScienceDaily [Internet],

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pteris vittata

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 36
Species: 36
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked

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Wikipedia

Pteris vittata

Pteris vittata, commonly known variously as the Chinese brake,^[3] Chinese ladder brake,^[3] or simply ladder brake,^[3] is a fern species in the in the Pteridoideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae.^[4] It is indigenous to Asia, tropical Africa and Australia.^[3] The type specimen was collected in China by Pehr Osbeck.^[1]

1 Habitat and distribution
2 Uses
3 Suggested reading
4 References
5 External links

Habitat and distribution

Pteris vittata is often associated with limestone habitats. It may be seen growing on concrete structures and cracks, in buildings in the central business district and suburbs of Sydney, Australia.^[5]^[6]

Pteris vittata is native and wide spread in the paleotropics: found from the east, to the south tropical, and southern Africa (in Angola; Kenya; Lesotho; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; Tanzania (including the Zanzibar Archipelago); Cape Province, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Transvaal in South Africa; Swaziland; Uganda; Zambia; and Zimbabwe); temperate and tropical Asia (in the provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan in China; the prefectures of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan; and Thailand); and Australia, in the states of New South Wales,^[5] Queensland, Victoria, and Western Australia.^[3]

It is an introduced species in California, Texas, and the Southeastern United States.^[7]

Uses

Although it grows readily in the wild, Pteris vittata is sometimes cultivated.^[3] It is grown in gardens for its attractive appearance,^[3] or used in pollution control schemes:^[3] it is known to be a hyperaccumulator plant of arsenic used in phytoremediation.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Pteris vittata was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1074. 1753. "Name - Pteris vittata L.". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602473. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
^ "Name - Pteris vittata L. synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602473?tab=synonyms. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h GRIN (July 18, 2007). "Genus epithet information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?401988. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
^ Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (18 February 2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. ISSN 1179-3163. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf.
^ ^a ^b "Pteris vittata, PlantNET - NSW Flora Online, Retrieved June 23, 2011". http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Pteris~vittata.
^ Les Robinson - Field Guide to the Native Plants of Sydney, ISBN 978-0-7318-1211-0 page 318
^ http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PTVI . accessed 9/19/2010
^ Wilkins, Carolyn, and Salter, Leo. (2003). Arsenic hyperaccumulation in ferns: A review. Environmental Chemistry Group Bulletin of the Royal Society of Chemistry. July 2003 edition.

Ladder Brake Fern growing on a brick wall Chatswood, Australia

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