Ecology
Habitat
Depth range based on 62 specimens in 8 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 19 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 18 - 89.6112
Temperature range (°C): 23.384 - 27.753
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.583 - 7.715
Salinity (PPS): 34.301 - 36.231
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.097 - 4.876
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 0.687
Silicate (umol/l): 0.900 - 11.431
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 18 - 89.6112
Temperature range (°C): 23.384 - 27.753
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.583 - 7.715
Salinity (PPS): 34.301 - 36.231
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.097 - 4.876
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 0.687
Silicate (umol/l): 0.900 - 11.431
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 19 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 18 - 89.6112
Temperature range (°C): 23.384 - 27.753
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.583 - 7.715
Salinity (PPS): 34.301 - 36.231
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.097 - 4.876
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 0.687
Silicate (umol/l): 0.900 - 11.431
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 18 - 89.6112
Temperature range (°C): 23.384 - 27.753
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.583 - 7.715
Salinity (PPS): 34.301 - 36.231
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.097 - 4.876
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.094 - 0.687
Silicate (umol/l): 0.900 - 11.431
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Trusted
Evolution and Systematics
Functional Adaptations
Functional adaptation
Mutualistic relationship is maintained: fig tree and fig wasp
"Theory predicts that mutualisms should be vulnerable to invasion by cheaters, yet mutualistic interactions are both ancient and diverse. What prevents one partner from reaping the benefits of the interaction without paying the costs? Using field experiments and observations, we examined factors affecting mutualism stability in six fig tree–fig wasp species pairs. We experimentally compared the fitness of wasps that did or did not perform their most basic mutualistic service, pollination. We found host sanctions that reduced the fitness of non-pollinating wasps in all derived, actively pollinated fig species (where wasps expend time and energy pollinating), but not in the basal, passively pollinated fig species (where wasps do not). We further screened natural populations of pollinators for wasp individuals that did not carry pollen ('cheaters'). Pollen-free wasps occurred only in actively pollinating wasp species, and their prevalence was negatively correlated with the sanction strength of their host species. Combined with previous studies, our findings suggest that (i) mutualisms can show coevolutionary dynamics analogous to those of 'arms races' in overtly antagonistic interactions; (ii) sanctions are critical for long-term mutualism stability when providing benefits to a host is costly, and (iii) there are general principles that help maintain cooperation both within and among species." (Jandér & Herre 2010:1481)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
The mutually beneficial relationship between figs and fig wasps is maintained via sanctions for deviating behavior.
"Theory predicts that mutualisms should be vulnerable to invasion by cheaters, yet mutualistic interactions are both ancient and diverse. What prevents one partner from reaping the benefits of the interaction without paying the costs? Using field experiments and observations, we examined factors affecting mutualism stability in six fig tree–fig wasp species pairs. We experimentally compared the fitness of wasps that did or did not perform their most basic mutualistic service, pollination. We found host sanctions that reduced the fitness of non-pollinating wasps in all derived, actively pollinated fig species (where wasps expend time and energy pollinating), but not in the basal, passively pollinated fig species (where wasps do not). We further screened natural populations of pollinators for wasp individuals that did not carry pollen ('cheaters'). Pollen-free wasps occurred only in actively pollinating wasp species, and their prevalence was negatively correlated with the sanction strength of their host species. Combined with previous studies, our findings suggest that (i) mutualisms can show coevolutionary dynamics analogous to those of 'arms races' in overtly antagonistic interactions; (ii) sanctions are critical for long-term mutualism stability when providing benefits to a host is costly, and (iii) there are general principles that help maintain cooperation both within and among species." (Jandér & Herre 2010:1481)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
- Jandér KC; Herre EA. 2010. Host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree–fig wasp mutualism. Proc. R. Soc. B. 277(1687): 1481-1488.
- 2010. Punishment important in plant-pollinator relationship. Science Daily [Internet],
© The Biomimicry Institute
Source:
AskNature
Trusted
Wikipedia
Ficus (gastropod)
This article is about sea snails. For the genus of woody plants with the same scientific name, see Ficus.
Ficus is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Ficidae, the fig shells.[3]
This is the type genus of the family Ficidae. Previously it has been categorized in the family Muricidae by Tryon ,1873) and Tritonidae (by Mörch)
Description
The light, pyriform shell is ventricose, ribbed, and cancellated. The spire very short. The aperture large. The smooth columella is simple. The elongated canal is straight. The thin outer lip is entire. There is no umbilicus.[4]
Species
Species within the genus Ficus include:
- Ficus eospila (Péron & Lesueur, 1807)
- Ficus ficus Linnaeus, C., 1758[5]
- Ficus filosa (G. B. Sowerby III, 1892)[6]
- Ficus gracilis (Sowerby, G.B. I, 1825)
- † Ficus holmesii Conrad, 1867[7]
- Ficus investigatoris (Smith, E. A., 1906)[8]
- Ficus lindae Petuch, 1988[9]
- Ficus papyratia (Say, 1822)[10]
- Ficus pellucida Deshayes, 1856[11]
- Ficus variegata Röding, 1798[12]
- Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby, G. B. (I), 1825)[13]
- Species brought into synonymy
- Ficus atlanticus Clench & Aguayo, 1940 : synonym of Ficus pellucida Deshayes, 1856
- Ficus carolae Clench, 1945 : synonym of Ficus papyratia carolae Clench, 1945
- Ficus communis Röding, 1798:[14] synonym of Ficus ficus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ficus ficoides (Lamarck, 1822) : synonym of Ficus ficus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ficus filosus (G. B. Sowerby III, 1892) : synonym of Ficus filosa (G. B. Sowerby III, 1892)
- Ficus howelli Clench & Aguayo, 1940 : synonym of Ficus pellucida Deshayes, 1856
- Ficus lindae Petuch, 1988 : synonym of Ficus papyratia lindae Petuch, 1988
- Ficus margaretae Iredale, 1931 : synonym of Ficus ficus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ficus pellucidus Deshayes, 1856 accepted as Ficus pellucida Deshayes, 1856
- Ficus subintermedius (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of Ficus ficus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ficus tessellatus (Kobelt, 1881) : synonym of Ficus eospila (Péron & Lesueur, 1807)
- Ficus variegatus Röding, 1798 : synonym of Ficus variegata Röding, 1798
- Ficus ventricosus (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) : synonym of Ficus ventricosa (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825)
- Ficus villai Petuch, 1998:[15] synonym of Ficus papyratia villai Petuch, 1998
References
- Lamarck J.-B. (M. de) (1799). Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles, comprenant une rédaction appropriée des caractères géneriques, et l'établissement d'un grand nombre de genres nouveaux. Mémoires de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 63-91
- Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp
- Verhaeghe, M. & Poppe, G. T., 2000 A Conchological Iconography (3), The Family Ficidae
- ^ Bolten (1798). Mus. Bolten. (2): 148.
- ^ Röding P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus Cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Fried. Bolten M. D. p. d. pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia et multivalvia. page(s): 148
- ^ a b WoRMS (2010). Ficus Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205605 on 2011-02-22
- ^ Tryon G. W. 1873. American marine conchology: or, Descriptions of the shells of the Atlantic coast of the United States from Maine to Florida
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=214982
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527725
- ^ http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=15568
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414660
- ^ http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=3055
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414662
- ^ http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=16132
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527727
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=527724
- ^ http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=3046
- ^ http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=10591
Source:
Wikipedia
Unreviewed
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