Strombus — Details

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Ecology

Habitat

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Depth range based on 227 specimens in 4 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 78 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 2 - 82.5
  Temperature range (°C): 23.278 - 28.284
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.100 - 7.093
  Salinity (PPS): 34.301 - 35.493
  Oxygen (ml/l): 2.886 - 4.747
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.083 - 0.766
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.380 - 12.618

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 2 - 82.5

Temperature range (°C): 23.278 - 28.284

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.100 - 7.093

Salinity (PPS): 34.301 - 35.493

Oxygen (ml/l): 2.886 - 4.747

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.083 - 0.766

Silicate (umol/l): 0.380 - 12.618
 
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Source: Ocean Biogeographic Information System

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Wikipedia

Strombus

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Strombus, common name the true conches, is a genus of medium to large sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs and their immediate relatives.

The genus Strombus was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. There were around 50 living species recognized, which vary in size from fairly small to very large. Six species live in the greater Caribbean region, including the Queen Conch, and the West Indian Fighting Conch, Strombus pugilis. However, since 2006, many species have now been assigned to discrete genera.[2] These new genera are however not yet found in most textbooks, collector's guides, etc.

Worldwide, several of the larger species are economically important as food sources; these include the endangered queen conch or pink conch Strombus gigas (now usually known as Eustrombus gigas or Lobatus gigas) which very rarely also produces a pink, gem quality pearl.

In the geological past, a much larger number of species of Strombus existed.[3] Of the living species, most are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Many species of true conchs live on sandy bottoms among beds of sea grass in tropical waters. They eat algae and have a claw-shaped operculum.

Contents

Description

Anatomy

Live animal of the Florida fighting conch Strombus alatus. Note the extensible snout in the foreground, and the two stalked eyes behind it

Like almost all shelled gastropods, conches have spirally constructed shells. Again, as is normally the case in many gastropods, this spiral shell growth is usually right-handed, but on very rare occasions it can be left-handed.

True conches have long eye stalks, with colorful ring-marked eyes at the tips. The shell has a long and narrow aperture, and a short siphonal canal, with another indentation near the anterior end called a stromboid notch. This notch is where one of the two eye stalks protrudes from the shell. The true conch has a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, operculum which can be dug into the substrate as part of an unusual "leaping" locomotion.

True conches grow a flared lip on their shells only upon reaching sexual maturity. This is called an alated outer lip or alation.

Conches lay eggs in long strands: the eggs are contained in twisted gelatinous tubes.[4] Strombus moves with a leaping motion.[5]

Shell description

Strombus shells have a flaring outer lip with a notch near the anterior end called the stromboid notch through which the animal may protrude one of its stalked eyes.[6]

Cladogram

A cladogram based on sequences of nuclear histone H3 gene and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) gene showing showing phylogenic relations of (32 analyzed) species that used to belong to the genus Strombus and Lambis:[7]

Species

This genus of sea snails used to comprise about 50 species,[8] 38 of them occurring in the Indo-Pacific region.[9] Species within the genus Strombus include:

Species brought into synonymy 

See also

References

  1. ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 742; 1767, ed. 12, 1207.
  2. ^ Latiolais J. M., Taylor M. S., Roy K. & Hellberg M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.027.
  3. ^ See Bellsouthpwp.net, Family Strombidae
  4. ^ R. Tucker Abbott, American Seashells, New York (2d. ed., 1974) p. 143
  5. ^ Sealifebase
  6. ^ Kenneth R. Wye, The Encyclopedia of Shells, Londo, 2004, p. 70.
  7. ^ Latiolais J. M., Taylor M. S., Roy K. & Hellberg M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.027. PDF.
  8. ^ Cob, Z. C. et al. (2009). "Species Description and Distribution of Strombus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in Johor Straits and its Surrounding Areas". Sains Malaysiana 38 (1): 39–46.
  9. ^ Abbott, R.T. (1960). "The genus Strombus in the Indo-pacific". Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1(2): 33-144
  10. ^ Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419694 on 27 June 2010.
  11. ^ Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419695 on 27 June 2010.
  12. ^ Strombus aurisdianae Linnaeus, 1759.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215362 on 27 June 2010.
  13. ^ Strombus bulla Röding, 1798.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215353 on 27 June 2010.
  14. ^ Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215375 on 27 June 2010.
  15. ^ Strombus decorus (Röding, 1798).  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215370 on 27 June 2010.
  16. ^ Strombus debelensis .  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215366 on 27 June 2010.
  17. ^ Strombus dentatus Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215360 on 27 June 2010.
  18. ^ Strombus epidromis Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456754 on 27 June 2010.
  19. ^ Strombus erythrinus Dillwyn, 1817.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215378 on 27 June 2010.
  20. ^ Strombus fasciatus Born, 1778.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215356 on 27 June 2010.
  21. ^ Strombus fusiformis Sowerby, 1842.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215355 on 27 June 2010.
  22. ^ Strombus gallus Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458659 on 27 June 2010.
  23. ^ Strombus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215374 on 27 June 2010.
  24. ^ Strombus guidoi Man in t'Veld & De Turck, 1998.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=457833 on 27 June 2010.
  25. ^ Strombus haemastoma Sowerby, 1842.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215381 on 27 June 2010.
  26. ^ Strombus hickeyi Willan, 2000.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458620 on 27 June 2010.
  27. ^ Strombus labiatus Röding, 1798.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215368 on 27 June 2010.
  28. ^ Strombus labiosus Gray in Wood, 1828.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215379 on 27 June 2010.
  29. ^ Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224255 on 27 June 2010.
  30. ^ Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215373 on 27 June 2010.
  31. ^ Strombus listeri Gray, 1852.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215367 on 27 June 2010.
  32. ^ Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215376 on 27 June 2010.
  33. ^ Strombus magolecciai Macsotay & Villarroel, 2001.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=457829 on 27 June 2010.
  34. ^ Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180990 on 27 June 2010.
  35. ^ Strombus oldi Emerson, 1965.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215361 on 27 June 2010.
  36. ^ Strombus persicus (Swainson, 1821).  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141572 on 27 June 2010.
  37. ^ Strombus plicatus Röding, 1798.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215350 on 27 June 2010.
  38. ^ Strombus sinuatus Humphrey, 1786.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456764 on 27 June 2010.
  39. ^ Strombus terebellatus Sowerby, 1842.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215354 on 27 June 2010.
  40. ^ Strombus tricornis (Humphrey, 1786).  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215359 on 27 June 2010.
  41. ^ Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215358 on 27 June 2010.
  42. ^ Strombus ustulatus (Schumacher, 1817).  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215364 on 27 June 2010.
  43. ^ Strombus variabilis Swainson, 1820.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456753 on 27 June 2010.
  44. ^ Strombus wilsoni Abbott, 1967.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215351 on 27 June 2010.
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