Iva annua — Details

Iva caudata Small:
United States (North America)

Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1515

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Iva annua var. macrocarpa (S.F. Blake) R.C. Jacks.:
United States (North America)

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103

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Iva annua var. caudata (Small) R.C. Jacks.:
United States (North America)

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103

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Iva annua L.:
United States (North America)

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103
Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/636
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1493
Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/637
Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 933 pp. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1711
Cronquist, A. J. 1980. Asteraceae. 1: i–xv, 1–261. In Vasc. Fl. S.E. U. S. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1714

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National Distribution

United States

Origin: Unknown/Undetermined

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

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National Distribution

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

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Physical Description

Morphology

Description

Annuals, (10–)50–100(–150+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves: petioles 5–20(–30) mm; blades deltate or ovate to elliptic, trullate, or lanceolate, 30–100(–150+ × 8–45(–80) mm, margins ± toothed, faces ± scabrellous, gland-dotted. Heads in ± spiciform arrays. Peduncles 0–1 mm. Involucres ± hemispheric, 3–4(–5) mm. Phyllaries: outer 3–5 distinct, ± herbaceous. Paleae linear, 2–2.5 mm. Pistillate florets 3–5; corollas 0.5–1 mm. Functionally staminate florets 8–12+; corollas 2–2.5 mm. Cypselae 2–3 mm. 2n = 34.

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Diagnostic Description

Synonym

Iva annua var. caudata (Small) R. C. Jackson; I. annua var. macrocarpa (S. F. Blake) R. C. Jackson

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Type Information

Holotype for Iva ciliata var. macrocarpa S.F. Blake
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): S. Dellinger
Year Collected: 1925
Locality: Montgomery., Barry, Missouri, United States, North America

Holotype: Blake, S. F. 1939. Rhodora. 41: 84.

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Source: National Museum of Natural History Image Collection

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Conservation

Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: TNR - Not Yet Ranked

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National NatureServe Conservation Status

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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Wikipedia

Iva annua

Iva annua, sumpweed or marshelder, is an herbaceous annual plant native to much of North America.

Uses

Iva annua var. macrocarpa was formerly cultivated by Native Americans in the central eastern United States and specifically the indigenous peoples of the Kansas City Hopewell culture in present day Missouri and Illinois, for its edible seed. As the author Jared Diamond notes, the edible parts contain 32 percent protein and 45 percent oil.

However, like its relative ragweed, Diamond notes that sumpweed possesses many objectionable qualities which include being a severe allergen, possessing "a strong odor objectionable to some people and that handling it can cause skin irritation." For these reasons Diamond believes that it was abandoned once more pleasant alternatives (like corn) were available, and by the time Europeans arrived in the Americas had long disappeared as a crop.^[1]

Notes

^ Jared Diamond (2003). Guns, Germs and Steel. New York: Norton. p. 151.

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Names and Taxonomy

Taxonomy

Comments: Varieties of Iva annua are not recognized by FNA (Vol. 21, 2006) or in the 2010 draft of Kartesz.

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Comments: Considered native in North America by Kartesz (1999); Godfrey & Wooten consider this native in the plains and prairies of the Midwest, and introduced eastward. Three varieties recognized by Kartesz (1999), with var. annua and var. caudata widespread, and the questionably distinct var. macrocarpa only in Missouri, Arkansas, and Kentucky. Varieties not recognized by FNA (Vol. 21, 2006) or in the 2010 draft of Kartesz.

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