Table of Contents
Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
Oblong, compressed, perchlike fishes to 75 cm total length. Head profile strongly convex in most species.Mouth small to moderate, lips often thick;chin with 2 pores anteriorly and, in all but 1 genus, a median groove. Teeth conical, in a narrow band in each jaw, the outer series enlarged but no canines.No teeth on roof of mouth.Posterior margin of suborbital not exposed; preopercle with posterior margin slightly concave and serrated; opercle with 1 spine. Dorsal fin single, with 11 to 14 strong spines and generally 11 to 19 soft rays. Pectoral fins moderately long; pelvic fins below base of pectoral fins, with 1 spine
and 5 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 strong spines, the second often very prominent, and 6 to 13 soft rays; caudal fin emarginate to forked. Scales ctenoid (rough to touch), small or moderate, extending onto entire head (except front of snout, lips, and chin). Colour: highly variable, ranging from uniformly coloured to striped, banded, blotched and spotted. Adult stages of most species have distinctive colour patterns. Early juveniles (2 to 5 cm) of Haemulon, Anisotremus, and Orthopristis share a pattern of dark dorsolateral and midlateral stripes, and a caudal spot.The length of the upper eye stripe, coupled with other characters, is essential to separating the extremely similar early juvenile stages of Haemulon.The early juvenile pigment pattern can also be ephemerally displayed in adults of many species.
(Lindeman & Toxey , 2002)
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Look Alikes
Lookalikes
Lutjanidae: canine teeth frequently present in jaws; no pores on chin; teeth present on roof of mouth; suborbital area scaleless; spines of dorsal and anal fins weaker.
Sciaenidae: anal fin with never more than two spines; lateral-line scales extending to posterior margin of caudal fin; often with rounded snout; barbels or canine-like teeth sometimes present; swimbladder usually large and complex (except in Menticirrhus where it is rudimentary, or absent). Gerreidae: anterior part of lower head profile concave;mouth strongly protrusible; interorbital region slightly concave.
Sparidae: suborbital area scaleless; no serrations on margin of preopercle; 2 pores not present beneath chin.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Ecology
Habitat
Fishes of shallow, nearshore waters; nearly all from tropical and subtropical waters. Many species of Haemulon and Anisotremus inhabit coral reef or hardbottom areas and many forage nocturnally over nearby sand and grass flats. Juveniles typically occur in shallower water than adults and may show several ontogenetic habitat shifts during growth.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Trophic Strategy
Most species feed on a variety of benthic invertebrates, particularly crustaceans and polychaetes. Several smaller species may primarily feed on plankton, while several larger species feed in part on echinoids.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Behaviour
Schooling is present in many species, but may become less common in older individuals.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Reproduction
The absence of documented spawning events suggests that reporduction typically occurs after sunset.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
| Specimen Records: | 1,321 | Public Records: | 679 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 1,168 | Public Species: | 102 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 1,119 | Public BINs: | 96 |
| Species: | 117 | ||
| Species With Barcodes: | 114 | ||
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Barcode data
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Locations of barcode samples
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Conservation
Threats
Juvenile mortality from shrimp trawl bycatch is high in several species. Fishing gear includes traps, hook-and-line, seines,
and bottom trawls. FAO statistics from Area 31 report landings ranging from 11 335 to 18 081 t annually from
1995 to 1999.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Uses
Several grunts are considered good foodfish and are actively fished for. Due to their abundance, many species are also obtained opportunistically and exploited commercially or recreationally.
(Lindeman & Toxey, 2002)
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Wikipedia
Haemulidae
The grunts are a family, Haemulidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are numerous and widespread, with about 150 species in 19 genera, found in tropical fresh, brackish and salt waters around the world. They are bottom-feeding predators, and named for their ability to produce sound by grinding their teeth.[1]
Contents |
Genera and species[edit]
- Genus Anisotremus (Gill, 1861)
- A. caesius (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) - silvergrey grunt - Mexico, Peru
- A. davidsonii (Steindachner, 1876) - Xantic sargo - USA, Mexico
- A. dovii (Günther, 1864) - spotted-head sargo - USA, Peru
- A. interruptus (Gill, 1862) - burrito grunt - USA, Peru, Galapagos Islands
- A. moricandi (Ranzani, 1842) - brownstriped grunt - Brazil
- A. pacifici (Günther, 1864) - Carruco sargo - Mexico, Peru
- A. scapularis (Tschudi, 1846) - Ecuador, Chile
- A. surinamensis (Bloch, 1791) - black margate - USA, Bahamas, Mexico, Caribbean, Brazil
- A. taeniatus (Gill, 1861) - Panama porkfish - Mexico, Peru
- A. virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) - porkfish - Bermuda, USA, Brazil, Mexico, Caribbean
- Genus Boridia (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830)
- B. grossidens (Cuvier, 1830) - Bourriqueta porgy - southwest Atlantic
- Genus Brachydeuterus (Gill, 1862)
- B. auritus (Valenciennes, 1832) - bigeye grunt - Morocco, Angola
- Genus Conodon (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830)
- C. macrops (Hildebrand, 1946) - lemoneye grunt - Colombia, Peru
- C. nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) - barred grunt - USA, Jamaica, Brazil, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Central and South America
- C. serrifer (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) - armed grunt - USA, Peru
- Genus Diagramma (Oken, 1817)
- D. labiosum (Macleay, 1883) - Red Sea, East Africa, western Pacific
- D. melanacrum (Johnson & Randall, 2001) - blackfin slatey - Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines
- D. pictum (Thunberg, 1792) - painted sweetlips - Red Sea, East Africa, Japan, New Caledonia
- D. punctatum (Cuvier, 1830) - Japan, ID, New Guinea, New Caledonia
- Genus Genyatremus (Gill, 1862)
- G. luteus (Bloch, 1790) - Torroto grunt - Colombia, Brazil
- Genus Haemulon (Cuvier, 1829)
- H. album (Cuvier, 1830) - white margate - USA, Bermuda, Bahamas, Brazil, West Indies
- H. aurolineatum (Cuvier, 1830) - tomtate grunt - USA, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil
- H. bonariense (Cuvier, 1830) - black grunt - Greater Antilles, Brazil
- H. boschmae (Metzelaar, 1919) - bronzestripe grunt - Colombia, French Guiana
- H. carbonarium (Poey, 1860) - Caesar grunt - USA, Bahamas, Yucatán, Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean
- H. chrysargyreum (Günther, 1859) - smallmouth grunt - USA, Bahamas, Yucatán, Mexico, Brazil
- H. flaviguttatum (Gill, 1862) - yellowspotted grunt - Mexico, Ecuador
- H. flavolineatum (Desmarest, 1823) French grunt - Bermuda, USA, Mexico, Brazil, West Indies, Central America
- H. melanurum (Linnaeus, 1758) - Cottonwick grunt - Bermuda, USA, Bahamas, Brazil
- H. parra (Desmarest, 1823) - sailor's grunt - Bahamas, USA, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil
- H. plumierii (Lacepède, 1801) - grunt - USA, Mexico, Caribbean, Brazil, Antilles
- H. sciurus (Shaw, 1803) - blue striped grunt - Florida, USA, Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean
- H. schrankii (Agassiz, 1831) - Brazil
- H. scudderii (Gill, 1862) - grey grunt - Mexico, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands
- H. serrula (Cuvier, 1830) - Martinique Island
- H. sexfasciatum (Gill, 1862) - greybar grunt - USA, Panama
- H. squamipinna (Rocha & Rosa, 1999) - Brazil
- H. steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) - chere-chere grunt - Panama, Brazil, Mexico, Peru
- H. macrostomum (Günther, 1859) - Spanish grunt -- USA, Antilles, Brazil
- H. maculicauda (Gill, 1862) - spottail grunt - USA, Mexico, Colombia
- H. striatum (Linnaeus, 1758) - striped grunt - Bermuda, USA, Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean, Antilles
- Genus Haemulopsis (Steindachner, 1869)
- H. axillaris (Steindachner, 1869) - yellowstripe grunt - Mexico to Ecuador
- H. elongatus(Steindachner, 1879) - elongate grunt - Mexico, Panama
- H. leuciscus (Günther, 1864) - white grunt - Gulf of California to Peru
- H. nitidus (Steindachner, 1869) - shining grunt - Gulf of California, Peru
- Genus Hapalogenys (Richardson, 1844)
- Genus Isacia (Jordan and Fesler, 1893)
- I. conceptionis (Cuvier, 1830) - Cabinza grunt - Peru, Chile, Nicaragua
- Genus Microlepidotus (Gill, 1862)
- M. brevipinnis (Steindachner, 1869) - humpback grunt - USA, Panama
- M. inornatus (Gill, 1862) - wavyline grunt - Mexico, USA
- Genus Orthopristis (Girard, 1858)
- O. cantharinus (Jenyns, 1840) - sheephead grunt - Mexico, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands
- O. chalceus (Günther, 1864) - brassy grunt - Mexico, Panama, Galapagos Islands
- O. chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766) - pigfish - USA, Bermuda, Mexico
- O. forbesi (Jordan & Starks, 1897) - Galapagos Islands
- O. lethopristis (Jordan & Fesler, 1889) - scalyfin grunt - Galapagos Islands
- O. poeyi (Scudder, 1868) - Corocoro cubano - Cuba
- O. reddingi (Jordan & Richardson, 1895) - bronze-striped grunt - Gulf of California
- O. ruber (Cuvier, 1830) - Corocoro grunt - Honduras, Brazil
- Genus Parakuhlia (Pellegrin, 1913)
- P. macrophthalmus (Osório, 1893) - dara - Senegal, Angola
- Genus Parapristipoma (Bleeker, 1873)
- P. humile (Bowdich, 1825) - Guinean grunt - distribution is difficult to establish because this species is often confused with P. octolineatum
- P. macrops (Pellegrin, 1912) - Spain, Portugal, Angola, Mediterranean
- P. octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833) - African striped grunt - Angola
- P. trilineatum (Thunberg, 1793) - chicken grunt - Japan, East China Sea, Taiwan
- Genus Plectorhinchus (Lacepède, 1801)
- P. plagiodesmus (Fowler, 1935) - barred rubberlip -
- P. macrolepis (Boulenger, 1899) - biglip grunt - Senegal, Angola
- P. gaterinus (Forsskål, 1775) - blackspotted rubberlip - Red Sea, South Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoro Island
- P. taeniatus (McKay & Randall, 1995) - bronzestriped grunt - Arabian Peninsula
- P. celebicus (Bleeker, 1873) - Celebes sweetlips - Moluccas, Papua New Guinea, Ryukyu Islands, Great Barrier Reef, Micronesia
- P. cinctus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) - crescent sweetlips - Arabian Sea, Japan
- P. chubbi (Regan, 1919) - dusky rubberlip - Somalia, Kenya, India, South Africa
- P. obscurus (Günther, 1872) - giant sweetlips -
- P. chaetodonoides (Lacepède, 1801) - harlequin sweetlips - Maldives, Cocos Islands, Sumatra, Fiji, New Caledonia, Ryukyu Island, Rowley Shoals
- P. gibbosus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) - Harry or brown hotlips - Indian Ocean
- P. vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Oriental sweetlips -
- P. flavomaculatus (Cuvier, 1830) - lemon sweetlips - Red Sea, Gulf of Oman
- P. gaterinoides (Smith, 1962) - lined sweetlips - lined sweetlips -
- P. multivittatus (Macleay, 1878) - many-lined sweetlips
- P. schotaf (Forsskål, 1775) - minstrel sweetlip -
- P. orientalis (Bloch, 1793) - Oriental sweetlips - East Africa, Samoa, Japan, New Caledonia, Palau, Micronesia
- P. faetela (Forsskål, 1775) -
- P. harrawayi (Smith, 1952) -
- P. macrospilus (Satapoomin & Randall, 2000) -
- P. nigrus (Cuvier, 1830) - Indo-Pacific
- P. trifasciatus (Fowler, 1937) - Australia, Thailand, Papua New Guinea
- P. umbrinus (Klunzinger, 1870) -
- P. punctatissimus (Playfair, 1868) -
- P. unicolor (Macleay, 1883) -
- P. picus (Cuvier, 1830) - painted sweetlips - Seychelles, Japan
- P. perotaei (Cuvier, 1830) - parrot grunt - Mauritania, Angola
- P. rogerii (Cuvier, 1830) - pigsnout grunt - Mauritania, Angola
- P. unimaculatus (Tian, 1982) - red patched grunter - China, Malaysia
- P. polytaenia (Bleeker, 1852) - ribboned sweetlips -
- P. mediterraneus (Guichenot, 1850) - rubberlip grunt - Spain, Portugal, Namibia, Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands
- P. sordidus (Klunzinger, 1870) - sordid rubberlip -
- P. ceylonensis (Smith, 1956) - Sri Lanka sweetlips - Sri Lanka
- P. striatus (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908) - striped grunter - Mozambique, South Africa, Red Sea, Gulf of Suez
- P. diagrammus (Linnaeus, 1758) - striped sweetlips -
- P. pictus (Tortonese, 1936) - trout sweetlips - Persian Gulf, Sri Lanka, China
- P. albovittatus (Rüppell, 1838) - two-striped sweetlips - Red Sea, Celebes, Taiwan, Tonga, Mozambique
- P. playfairi (Pellegrin, 1914) - whitebarred rubberlip -
- P. lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - yellowbanded sweetlips - Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia
- P. quadrilineatus (Shen & Lin, 1984) - yellow-lined grunter - China, Japan
- P. chrysotaenia (Bleeker, 1855) - yellow-striped sweetlips - Singapore, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Ryukyu Island, Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia
- P. paulayi (Steindachner, 1895) - zebra sweetlip -
- Genus Pomadasys (Lacepède, 1802)
- P. aheneus (McKay & Randall, 1995) - yellowback grunt - Oman
- P. argenteus (Forsskål, 1775) - silver grunt - Red Sea, Philippines, Persian Gulf, Japan, Australia, New Caledonia
- P. argyreus (Valenciennes, 1833) - bluecheek silver grunt - Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia
- P. auritus (Cuvier, 1830) - longhead grunt - China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia
- P. bayanus (Jordan & Evermann, 1898) - purplemouth grunt - USA, Mexico, Peru
- P. branickii (Steindachner, 1879) - sand grunt - Mexico, Peru
- P. commersonnii (Lacepède, 1801) - smallspotted grunter - India, Oman, South Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar
- P. corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868) - roughneck grunt - Mexico, Caribbean, Antilles, Brazil
- P. crocro - burro grunt -
- P. empherus (Bussing, 1993) - bigspine grunt - Costa Rica
- P. furcatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - banded grunter - Somalia, Mozambique, Madagascar, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Red Sea, Indonesia
- P. guoraca (Cuvier, 1829) - Africa, Philippines
- P. hasta (Bloch, 1790) - Indo-West Pacific
- P. jubelini (Cuvier, 1830) - Sompat grunt - Mauritania, Angola
- P. kaakan (Cuvier, 1830) - javelin grunter - Red Sea, Africa, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Australia
- P. laurentino (Smith, 1953) - many-lined grunter - Mozambique
- P. incisus (Bowdich, 1825) - bastard grunt - Strait of Gibraltar, Angola
- P. macracanthus (Günther, 1864) - longspine grunt - Mexico, Ecuador
- P. maculatus (Bloch, 1793) - saddle grunt - Indian Ocean, China, Australia
- P. multimaculatum (Playfair, 1867) - cock grunter - Africa, Australia
- P. olivaceus (Day, 1875) - olive grunt - Namibia, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Malaysia
- P. panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) - Panama grunt - Gulf of California, Peru
- Genus Xenichthys (Gill, 1863)
- X. agassizii
- X. rupestris
- X. xanti- longfin salema
- Genus Xenistius (Jordan and Gilbert, 1883)
- X. californiensis - Californian salema
- X. peruanus
- Genus Xenocys (Jordan and Bollman, 1890)
- X. jessiae - black-striped salema[2]
Timeline[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ Xenocys jessiae, EoL
References[edit]
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Haemulidae" in FishBase. March 2006 version.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: p.560. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
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