Evolution and Systematics
Functional Adaptations
Functional adaptation
The skin of a porcupine fish protects from predators via embedded spines that erect when the fish inflates using sips of water.
"Another responsive packaging idea comes from porcupine fish. Their spines are set into the skin, erecting only when the fish is threatened. To trigger the inflation, they sip tiny gulps of water. A package that started to fall might be induced to puff up in the same way with air, bouncing on spines when it hit the ground." (Biomimicry Guild unpublished report)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
© The Biomimicry Institute
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Porcupinefish
Porcupinefish are fish of the family Diodontidae, (order Tetraodontiformes), also commonly called blowfish (and, sometimes, "balloonfish" and "globefish").
They are sometimes called pufferfish. [1]
Porcupinefish are medium to large sized fish, and are found in shallow temperate and tropical seas worldwide. A few species are found much further out from shore, wherein large shoals of thousands of individuals can occur. They are generally slow.[2]
Porcupinefish have the ability to inflate their body by swallowing water or air, thereby becoming rounder. This increase in size (almost double vertically) reduces the range of potential predators to those with much bigger mouths. A second defense mechanism is provided by the sharp spines, which radiate outwards when the fish is inflated. Some species are poisonous, having a tetrodotoxin in their internal organs, such as the ovaries and liver. This neurotoxin is at least 1200 times more potent than cyanide. Some scientists believe the poison is produced by several types of bacteria that are somehow obtained via the fish's diet, because fish bred in captivity are not poisonous,[3] however, other scientists are skeptical of this theory. As a result of these three defences, porcupinefish have few predators, although adults are sometimes preyed upon by sharks and orcas. Juveniles are also preyed on by tuna and dolphins.[2]
The UNIX-derived computer operating system OpenBSD uses a porcupine fish as its mascot, named Puffy.
Species
- Genus Allomycterus
- Deepwater burrfish, Allomycterus pilatus Whitley, 1931
- Allomycterus whiteleyi Phillipps, 1932
- Genus Chilomycterus (Burrfishes, Spiny Boxfishes)
- Pacific burrfish, Chilomycterus affinis Gu:nther, 1870
- Bridled burrfish, Chilomycterus antennatus (Cuvier, 1816)
- Web burrfish, Chilomycterus antillarum Jordan & Rutter, 1897
- Spotted burrfish, Chilomycterus atringa (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Chilomycterus geometricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Spotfin burrfish, Chilomycterus reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Striped burrfish, Chilomycterus schoepfii (Walbaum, 1792)
- Guinean burrfish, Chilomycterus spinosus mauretanicus (Le Danois, 1954)
- Chilomycterus spinosus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Genus Cyclichthys (Swelltoads)
- Hardenburg's burrfish, Cyclichthys hardenbergi (de Beaufort, 1939)
- Birdbeak burrfish, Cyclichthys orbicularis (Bloch, 1785)
- Spotbase burrfish, Cyclichthys spilostylus (Leis & Randall, 1982)
- Genus Dicotylichthys
- Three-barred porcupinefish, Dicotylichthys punctulatus Kaup, 1855
- Genus Diodon (Porcupinefishes)
- Pelagic porcupinefish, Diodon eydouxii Brisout de Barneville, 1846
- Long-spine porcupinefish, Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758fish
- Spot-fin porcupinefish, Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758
- Black-blotched porcupinefish, Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804
- Slender-spined porcupine fish, Diodon nicthemerus Cuvier, 1818
- Genus Lophodiodon
- Four-bar porcupinefish, Lophodiodon calori (Bianconi, 1854)
- Genus Tragulichthys
- Longspine burrfish, Tragulichthys jaculiferus (Cuvier, 1818)
See also
Media related to Diodontidae at Wikimedia Commons
References
- ^ Mills, Dick (1993). Cooke, Jane. ed. Aquarium Fish. San Diego: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 281. ISBN 1-56458-293-0.
- ^ a b Keiichi, Matsura & Tyler, James C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 231. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
- Balloonfish. Florida Museum of Natural History. Casey Patton. Accessed on June 24, 2005.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Diodontidae" in FishBase. May 2006 version.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Diodon holocanthus" in FishBase. May 2005 version.
- "Diodontidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=173382. Retrieved 24 June 2005.
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