Hieracium (pronounced /haɪ.ərˈæsiəm/),^[4] known by the common name hawkweed^[1] and classically as hierakion (from ancient Greek hierax 'hawk'),^[5] is a genus of the sunflower (Helianthus) family Asteraceae (previously called Compositae), and closely related to dandelion (Taraxacum), chicory (Cichorium), prickly lettuce (Lactuca) and sow thistle (Sonchus),^[6] which are part of the tribe Cichorieae. Hawkweeds, with their 10,000+ recorded species and subspecies,^[7] do their part to make Asteraceae the second largest family of flowers.^[8] Some botanists group all these species or subspecies into approximately 800 accepted species,^[9] while others prefer to accept several thousand species. Since most hawkweeds reproduce exclusively asexually by means of seeds that are genetically identical to their mother plant (apomixis or agamospermy), clones or populations that consist of genetically identical plants are formed and some botanists (especially in UK, Scandinavia and Russia) prefer to accept these clones as good species (arguing that it is impossible to know how these clones are interrelated) whereas others (mainly in Central Europe and USA) try to group them into a few hundred more broadly defined species. What is here treated as the single genus Hieracium is now treated by most European experts as two different genera, Hieracium and Pilosella, with species such as Hieracium pilosella, Hieracium floribundum and Hieracium aurantiacum referred to the latter genus. Many members of the genus Pilosella reproduce both by stolons (runners like those of strawberries) and by seeds, whereas true Hieracium species reproduce only by seeds. In Pilosella, many individual plants are capable of forming both normal sexual and asexual (apomictic) seeds, whereas individual plants of Hieracium only produce one kind of seeds. Another difference is that all species of Pilosella have leaves with smooth (entire) margins whereas most species of Hieracium have distinctly dentate to deeply cut or divided leaves.

Common names

English: Hawkweed
Danish: Høgeurt
German: Habichtskräuter
Finnish: Ukonkeltanot
Italian: Sparviere
Japanese: ヤナギタンポポ属
Lithuanian: Vanagė
Dutch: Havikskruid
Norwegian: Svever
Polish: Jastrzębiec (roślina)
Czech: Jestřábník
Slovene: Škržolica
Turkish: Şahin otu
Ukrainian: Нечуйвітер
Chinese: 山柳菊屬
Russian: Ястребинка

Description

Flowers and flower-heads

Hieracium or hawkweeds, like others in the Asteraceae family, have mostly yellow,^[11] tightly packed flower-heads of numerous small flowers^[8] but, unlike daisies and sunflowers in the same family, they have not two kinds of florets but only strap-shaped (spatulate) florets, each one of which is a complete flower in itself, not lacking stamens,^[11] and joined to the stem by leafy bracts. As in other members of the tribe Cichorieae, each ray corolla is tipped by 3 to 5 teeth.^[8]

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  Close up view

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  flowerhead and ray corolla

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  stamen, pollen, center of flower-head

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  stamen

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  3 to 5 teeth per spatulate floret

Bracts, stems and leaves

Erect single, glabrous or hairy stems, sometimes branched away from the point of attachment, sometimes branched throughout.

The hairiness of hawkweeds can be very complex: from surfaces with scattered to crowded, tapered, whiplike, straight or curly, smooth to setae; "stellate-pubescent" or surfaces with scattered to crowded, dendritically branched (often called, but seldom truly, "stellate") hairs; and "stipitate-glandular" or surfaces with scattered to crowded gland-tipped hairs mostly. Surfaces of stems, leaves, peduncles, and phyllaries may be glabrous or may bear one, two, or all three of the types of hairs mentioned above.^[12]

Like the other members of the Chicory tribe, hawkweeds contain a milky latex.^[11]

Fruits

Several stages of maturity are shown in this image which is intended to be a placeholder until a cited description can be assembled.

Ecology

The Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua pronuba) feeds on Hieracium species.^[13]

Distribution

Hieracium species are native to Africa,^[12]Asia, Europe, North America,^[14] Central America and South America.

Species

The classification of Hieracium into species is notoriously difficult. One reason is the apomictic reproduction (in which plants asexually produce seeds), which tends to produce a lot of minor geographical variation. Over 9000 species names have been published in Hieracium but some botanists regard many of those as synonyms of larger species.^[12]

Europe

• Hieracium lucidum Guss. — Sicilian Sparviere

United States

The list below is a selection of species which have been accepted by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.^[1] A more complete list is given in List of Hieracium species.

• Hieracium albiflorum Hook. — white hawkweed P
• Hieracium × alleghaniense Britt. (pro sp.) P
• Hieracium argutum Nutt. — southern hawkweed P
• Hieracium × atramentarium (Naegeli & Peter) Zahn ex Engl. (pro sp.) P
• Hieracium atratum Fries—polar hawkweed P
• Hieracium aurantiacum L. — orange hawkweed P
• Hieracium bolanderi Gray—Bolander's hawkweed P
• Hieracium × brachiatum Berth. ex DC. P
• Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. — meadow hawkweed P
• Hieracium canadense Michx. — Canadian hawkweed P
• Hieracium carneum Greene—Huachuca hawkweed P
• Hieracium cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv. — houndstongue hawkweed P
• Hieracium × fassettii Lepage P
• Hieracium fendleri Schultz-Bip. — yellow hawkweed P
• Hieracium × fernaldii Lepage P
• Hieracium × flagellare Willd. (pro sp.) P
• Hieracium × floribundum Wimmer & Grab. (pro sp.) P
• Hieracium × fuscatrum Naegeli & Peter (pro sp.) P
• Hieracium glomeratum Froel. — queen-devil hawkweed P
• Hieracium gracile Hook. — slender hawkweed P
• Hieracium greenei Gray—Greene's hawkweed P
• Hieracium greenii Porter & Britt. — Maryland hawkweed P
• Hieracium × grohii Lepage P
• Hieracium gronovii L. — queendevil P
• Hieracium horridum Fries — prickly hawkweed P
• Hieracium kalmii L. — Kalm's hawkweed P
• Hieracium lachenalii K.C. Gmel. — common hawkweed P
• Hieracium lactucella Wallr. — European hawkweed P
• Hieracium laevigatum Willd. — smooth hawkweed P
• Hieracium lemmonii Gray—Lemmon's hawkweed P
• Hieracium longiberbe T.J. Howell—longbeard hawkweed P
• Hieracium longipilum Torr. — hairy hawkweed P
• Hieracium maculatum Sm. — spotted hawkweed P
• Hieracium marianum Willd. — Maryland hawkweed P
• Hieracium megacephalon Nash—coastal plain hawkweed P
• Hieracium murorum L. — wall hawkweed P
• Hieracium paniculatum L. — Allegheny hawkweed P
• Hieracium pilosella L. — mouseear hawkweed P
• Hieracium piloselloides Vill. — tall hawkweed P
• Hieracium praealtum Vill. ex Gochnat—kingdevil P
• Hieracium pringlei Gray—Pringle's hawkweed P
• Hieracium robinsonii (Zahn) Fern. — Robinson's hawkweed P
• Hieracium rusbyi Greene—Rusby's hawkweed P
• Hieracium sabaudum L. — New England hawkweed P
• Hieracium scabrum Michx. — rough hawkweed P
• Hieracium schultzii Fries—roughstem hawkweed P
• Hieracium scouleri Hook. — Scouler's woollyweed P
• Hieracium scribneri Small—Scribner's hawkweed P
• Hieracium triste Willd. ex Spreng. — woolly hawkweed P
• Hieracium umbellatum L. — narrowleaf hawkweed P
• Hieracium venosum L. — rattlesnakeweed P

Plant pest

All species of the genus Hieracium are classed as invasive species throughout New Zealand. They are banned from sale, propagation and distribution under the National Pest Plant Accord. Hieracium is a pasture weed that reduces available feed for livestock and displaces the indigenous plants.^[15] It is a particular threat in alpine ecosystems previously dominated by native tussocks, though it will colonise habitats from bare ground, to exotic pine forest, to native Southern Beech forest.^[16]

In the United States, many species of Hieracium have been introduced and all species present are considered noxious weeds in one or more states.^[17]

See also

• Hieracium anatomy

References

Further reading

• Espie, Peter (2001). Hieracium in New Zealand: ecology and management. Mosgiel: AgResearch. ISBN 0-478-20900-2. 
• McCosh, D. and Rich, T.C.G. 209. Hieracium proximum (Caithness Hawkweed) in Ireland. Ir. Nat J. 30: 54.
• Rich, T.C.G., Cotton, D.C.F., Hood, R.L.I.B., Houston, L., McCosh, J. and Jackson, M.B.W. 2009. Conservation of Ireland's biodiversity: status of the Irish endemic Hieracium basalticola Pugsley (Basalt Hawkweed) (Asteraceae). Ir. Nat J. 30: 79 - 89.