Table of Contents
Overview
Distribution
Highbush cranberry is distributed throughout Alaska and across Canada to
Newfoundland. It occurs south through the New England and Great Lakes
States, and the Pacific Northwest [1,18,45,49,58]. Populations are also
found in Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado
[10,11,26,43,53].
Newfoundland. It occurs south through the New England and Great Lakes
States, and the Pacific Northwest [1,18,45,49,58]. Populations are also
found in Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado
[10,11,26,43,53].
- 18. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R. C. Rollins]
- 1. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
- 26. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
- 10. Dorn, Robert D. 1984. Vascular plants of Montana. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 276 p. [819]
- 11. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
- 43. Potter, Loren D.; Moir, D. Ross. 1961. Phytosociological study of burned deciduous woods, Turtle Mountains North Dakota. Ecology. 42(3): 468-480. [10191]
- 45. Roland, A. E.; Smith, E. C. 1969. The flora of Nova Scotia. Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia Museum. 746 p. [13158]
- 49. Soper, James H.; Heimburger, Margaret L. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. Life Sciences Misc. Publ. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum. 495 p. [12907]
- 53. Thilenius, John F. 1971. Vascular plants of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Res. Pap. RM-71. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 43 p. [2319]
- 58. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States
More info on this topic.
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
15 Black Hills Uplift
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
15 Black Hills Uplift
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Occurrence in North America
AK CO CT ID IA ME MD MA MI MN
MT NH NY ND OR PA RI SD VT WA
WI WY AB BC LB MB NB NF NT NS
ON PE PQ SK YT
MT NH NY ND OR PA RI SD VT WA
WI WY AB BC LB MB NB NF NT NS
ON PE PQ SK YT
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Localities documented in Tropicos sources
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)
Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)
Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.
-
Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1707
-
Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/637
-
Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1327
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Unknown/Undetermined
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Unknown/Undetermined
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Global Range: Viburnum edule occurs from Alaska to Newfoundland, south to Oregon, northern Idaho, Colorado, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Physical Description
Morphology
Description
More info for the term: shrub
Highbush cranberry is a straggling to erect deciduous shrub that reaches
heights ranging from 2 to 12 feet (0.6-3.5 m) [22,32,58]. It has
several to many stems that may grow to 1.5 inches (4 cm) in diameter
[58]. The plant has smooth gray bark and sharply toothed leaves that
are shallowly lobed. Milky-white flowers are borne in few-flowered
terminal cymes. The fruit is an orange to red drupe that contains one
seed [1,32,58]. The berries often overwinter on twigs. Highbush
cranberry roots in the organic layer [51] and is rhizomatous [22].
Highbush cranberry is a straggling to erect deciduous shrub that reaches
heights ranging from 2 to 12 feet (0.6-3.5 m) [22,32,58]. It has
several to many stems that may grow to 1.5 inches (4 cm) in diameter
[58]. The plant has smooth gray bark and sharply toothed leaves that
are shallowly lobed. Milky-white flowers are borne in few-flowered
terminal cymes. The fruit is an orange to red drupe that contains one
seed [1,32,58]. The berries often overwinter on twigs. Highbush
cranberry roots in the organic layer [51] and is rhizomatous [22].
- 1. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 32. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
- 51. Strong, W. L.; LaRoi, G. H. 1986. A strategy for concurrently monitoring the plant water potentials of spatially separate forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(2): 346-351. [10805]
- 58. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat characteristics
More info for the terms: bog, presence, swamp
Highbush cranberry is found in moist woods or forests, along stream or
lake margins on gravel or rocky banks, and on swamp or bog margins
[22,49,58]. In British Columbia, the plant is found from sea level to
about 4,900 feet (1,500 m) [22], but in Colorado elevational range is
7,000 to 9,000 feet (2,100-2,700 m) [26]. The southern extent of
highbush cranberry's distribution is determined by high temperatures and
low humidity. Its presence at northern latitudes indicates a high
tolerance to frost and the ability to grow in low soil and air
temperatures. In moist climates, highbush cranberry grows on submesic
to subhydric soils, but in drier climates it is restricted to subhygric
and wetter moisture regimes. Highbush cranberry commonly grows under a
deciduous or coniferous canopy but probably develops best under full
sunlight [22].
Highbush cranberry grows best on well-drained, alluvial soils
[6,9,12,62]. Soil textures include clay, silty clay, sandy clay loam,
and fine loam [9,33,62]. Soil types include Luvisols, Brunisols,
Humo-Ferric Podzols, Regosols, and Gleysols [22].
Highbush cranberry is found in moist woods or forests, along stream or
lake margins on gravel or rocky banks, and on swamp or bog margins
[22,49,58]. In British Columbia, the plant is found from sea level to
about 4,900 feet (1,500 m) [22], but in Colorado elevational range is
7,000 to 9,000 feet (2,100-2,700 m) [26]. The southern extent of
highbush cranberry's distribution is determined by high temperatures and
low humidity. Its presence at northern latitudes indicates a high
tolerance to frost and the ability to grow in low soil and air
temperatures. In moist climates, highbush cranberry grows on submesic
to subhydric soils, but in drier climates it is restricted to subhygric
and wetter moisture regimes. Highbush cranberry commonly grows under a
deciduous or coniferous canopy but probably develops best under full
sunlight [22].
Highbush cranberry grows best on well-drained, alluvial soils
[6,9,12,62]. Soil textures include clay, silty clay, sandy clay loam,
and fine loam [9,33,62]. Soil types include Luvisols, Brunisols,
Humo-Ferric Podzols, Regosols, and Gleysols [22].
- 26. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 6. Coates, D.; Haeussler, S. 1986. A preliminary guide to the response of major species of competing vegetation to silvicultural treatments. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch; Land Management Handbook Number 9. 88 p. [17453]
- 9. Dirschl, H. J.; Coupland, R. T. 1972. Vegetation patterns and site relationships in the Saskatchewan River Delta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 50: 647-675. [7449]
- 12. Dyrness, C. T. Van Cleve, K.; Levison, J. D. 1989. The effect of wildfire on soil chemistry in four forest types in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1389-1396. [10045]
- 33. Jones, R. Keith; Pierpoint, Geoffrey; Wickware, Gregory M.; [and others]
- 49. Soper, James H.; Heimburger, Margaret L. 1982. Shrubs of Ontario. Life Sciences Misc. Publ. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum. 495 p. [12907]
- 58. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
- 62. Yole, D.; Lewis, T.; Inselberg, A.; [and others]
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Key Plant Community Associations
More info for the terms: codominant, fern
Highbush cranberry may occur as a dominant or codominant understory
species in open or closed coniferous forests, primarily in white spruce
(Picea glauca) [12,19,50,57], but also in lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) [7] or western redcedar (Thuja plicata) habitats [25]. It may
also occur as an understory dominant in open or closed deciduous forests
with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch (Betula
papyrifera), or balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) [7,19,57].
Common understory associates include: willows (Salix spp.), alders
(Alnus spp.), raspberries (Rubus spp.), currants (Ribes spp.), prickly
rose (Rosa acicularis), lignonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), rusty
menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), bog
Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), one sided wintergreen (Pyrola
secunda), dogwoods (Cornus canadensis and C. stolonifera), buffaloberry
(Shepherdia canadensis), devil's club (Oplopanax horridus), queencup
beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris),
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera
involucrata), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), bearberry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), horsetails (Equisetum pratense, E. arvense,
and E. sylvanicum), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), and
various feather mosses (Hylocomium and Pleurozium spp.), sedges (Carex spp.),
lichens (Cladonia and Cladina spp.) and sphagnum mosses.
Published classifications listing highbush cranberry as a dominant
understory species in plant associations (pas), community types (cts),
or vegetation types (vts) are as follows:
AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
wc AB forest cts Corns 1983
int AK gen. veg. cts Dyrness and others 1989
int AK postfire forest cts Foote 1983
YT vts Stanek 1980
BC: Salmon River Valley vts Harcombe and others 1983
AK gen. veg. pas Viereck & Dyrness 1980
Highbush cranberry may occur as a dominant or codominant understory
species in open or closed coniferous forests, primarily in white spruce
(Picea glauca) [12,19,50,57], but also in lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) [7] or western redcedar (Thuja plicata) habitats [25]. It may
also occur as an understory dominant in open or closed deciduous forests
with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch (Betula
papyrifera), or balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) [7,19,57].
Common understory associates include: willows (Salix spp.), alders
(Alnus spp.), raspberries (Rubus spp.), currants (Ribes spp.), prickly
rose (Rosa acicularis), lignonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), rusty
menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), bog
Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), one sided wintergreen (Pyrola
secunda), dogwoods (Cornus canadensis and C. stolonifera), buffaloberry
(Shepherdia canadensis), devil's club (Oplopanax horridus), queencup
beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris),
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera
involucrata), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), bearberry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), horsetails (Equisetum pratense, E. arvense,
and E. sylvanicum), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), and
various feather mosses (Hylocomium and Pleurozium spp.), sedges (Carex spp.),
lichens (Cladonia and Cladina spp.) and sphagnum mosses.
Published classifications listing highbush cranberry as a dominant
understory species in plant associations (pas), community types (cts),
or vegetation types (vts) are as follows:
AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
wc AB forest cts Corns 1983
int AK gen. veg. cts Dyrness and others 1989
int AK postfire forest cts Foote 1983
YT vts Stanek 1980
BC: Salmon River Valley vts Harcombe and others 1983
AK gen. veg. pas Viereck & Dyrness 1980
- 7. Corns, Ian G. W. 1989. Ecosystems with potential for aspen management. Managing for aspen--a shared responsibility: Proceedings of the Joint TechnicalSession of the Forest Ecology, Silviculture and Tree Improvement Forest Management, and Forest Economics and Policy Working Groups; September 1988; Prince Albert, SK. In: The Forestry Chronicle. February: 16-22. [6919]
- 12. Dyrness, C. T. Van Cleve, K.; Levison, J. D. 1989. The effect of wildfire on soil chemistry in four forest types in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1389-1396. [10045]
- 19. Foote, M. Joan. 1983. Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after fire in the taiga of interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-307. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 108 p. [7080]
- 50. Stanek, Walter. 1980. Vegetation types and environmental factors associated with Foothills Gas pipeline route, Yukon Territory. BC-X-205. Victoria, BC: Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre. 48 p. [16527]
- 57. Viereck, L. A.; Dyrness, C. T.; Batten, A. R.; Wenzlick, K. J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 p. [2431]
- 25. Harcombe, Andrew; Pendergast, Bruce; Petch, Bruce; Janz, Doug. 1983. Elk Habitat management: Salmon River Valley. MOE Working Report 1. 83-05-10. Victoria, BC: Ministry of the Environment. 83 p. [9984]
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Habitat: Plant Associations
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term: bog
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K025 Alder - ash forest
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term: bog
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K025 Alder - ash forest
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
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Habitat: Ecosystem
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
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Habitat: Cover Types
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
222 Black cottonwood - willow
224 Western hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
222 Black cottonwood - willow
224 Western hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
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General Ecology
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
More info for the term: prescribed fire
The Research Project Summary Understory recovery after burning and reburning
quaking aspen stands in central Alberta provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of plant community species including highbush
cranberry.
The Research Project Summary Understory recovery after burning and reburning
quaking aspen stands in central Alberta provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of plant community species including highbush
cranberry.
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Plant Response to Fire
More info for the terms: density, shrubs
Highbush cranberry sprouts within weeks following fire [19,22] and often
becomes one of the dominant postfire shrubs [22]. Low-severity fires
stimulate germination of seeds stored in the soil [24,47]. Abundance of
the plant may be initially reduced after fire, but an increase over
prefire density may take place within the next 10 years [6,28].
Highbush cranberry sprouts within weeks following fire [19,22] and often
becomes one of the dominant postfire shrubs [22]. Low-severity fires
stimulate germination of seeds stored in the soil [24,47]. Abundance of
the plant may be initially reduced after fire, but an increase over
prefire density may take place within the next 10 years [6,28].
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 6. Coates, D.; Haeussler, S. 1986. A preliminary guide to the response of major species of competing vegetation to silvicultural treatments. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch; Land Management Handbook Number 9. 88 p. [17453]
- 19. Foote, M. Joan. 1983. Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after fire in the taiga of interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-307. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 108 p. [7080]
- 24. Hamilton, Evelyn H.; Yearsley, H. Karen. 1988. Vegetation development after clearcutting and site preparation in the SBS zone. Economic and Regional Development Agreement: FRDA Report 018. Victoria, BC: Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre; British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Lands. 66 p. [8760]
- 28. Hawkes, B. C.; Feller, M. C.; Meehan, D. 1990. Site preparation: fire. In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; [and others]
- 47. Rowe, J. S. 1983. Concepts of fire effects on plant individuals and species. In: Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A., eds. SCOPE 18: The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Chichester; New York: John Wiley & Sons: 135-154. [2038]
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Immediate Effect of Fire
Fire top-kills highbush cranberry. Moderate- to high-severity fires
which remove soil organic layers may kill roots, underground stems, and
buried seeds.
which remove soil organic layers may kill roots, underground stems, and
buried seeds.
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Post-fire Regeneration
More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, secondary colonizer
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes
ground-stored residual colonizer; fire-activated seed on-site in soil
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes
ground-stored residual colonizer; fire-activated seed on-site in soil
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
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Fire Ecology
Highbush cranberry sprouts from the stump, roots, or underground stems
following fire [13,61]. Sprouting may also occur at the base of
fire-killed aboveground stems [22,24]. Highbush cranberry roots are
buried approximately 8 inches (20 cm) below the soil surface, allowing
them to survive light fires that do not entirely remove the organic
layer [51]. Rhizomes will also survive fires of this nature. Highbush
cranberry seeds are hard and have thick seed coats, making them somewhat
resistant to fire [59]. Regeneration by seeds stored in the soil may
actually be favored by low-severity fires [22].
following fire [13,61]. Sprouting may also occur at the base of
fire-killed aboveground stems [22,24]. Highbush cranberry roots are
buried approximately 8 inches (20 cm) below the soil surface, allowing
them to survive light fires that do not entirely remove the organic
layer [51]. Rhizomes will also survive fires of this nature. Highbush
cranberry seeds are hard and have thick seed coats, making them somewhat
resistant to fire [59]. Regeneration by seeds stored in the soil may
actually be favored by low-severity fires [22].
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 13. Dyrness, C. T.; Viereck, L. A.; Van Cleve, K. 1986. Fire in taiga communities of interior Alaska. In: Forest ecosystems in the Alaskan taiga. New York: Springer-Verlag: 74-86. [3881]
- 24. Hamilton, Evelyn H.; Yearsley, H. Karen. 1988. Vegetation development after clearcutting and site preparation in the SBS zone. Economic and Regional Development Agreement: FRDA Report 018. Victoria, BC: Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre; British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Lands. 66 p. [8760]
- 51. Strong, W. L.; LaRoi, G. H. 1986. A strategy for concurrently monitoring the plant water potentials of spatially separate forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(2): 346-351. [10805]
- 59. Viereck, Leslie A.; Schandelmeier, Linda A. 1980. Effects of fire in Alaska and adjacent Canada--a literature review. BLM-Alaska Tech. Rep. 6. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Mangement, Alaska State Office. 124 p. [7075]
- 61. Yarie, J.; Viereck, L.; Van Cleve, K.; Dryness, C. T. 1988. The chronosequence as an aid to understanding the long-term conse- quences of management activities. In: Dyck, W. J.; Mees, C. A, eds. Research Strategies for Long-term Productivity. Proceedings, IEA/BE A3 Workshop; [Date of conference unknown]
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Successional Status
More info on this topic.
More info for the terms: climax, succession, tree
Highbush cranberry is moderately shade tolerant [6] and is important
throughout all stages of forest succession [46,61]. In floodplain
succession, highbush cranberry is present from the pioneer willow
through seral balsam poplar stages. It remains important in mature and
climax white spruce and black spruce-white spruce types [56].
Highbush cranberry sprouts following fire and is an important component
of early, midseral, and climax postfire communities [13,61]. The
following frequencies and densities were found in white spruce stands in
interior Alaska:
Stage Years after fire Frequency(%) Density(stems/acre)
_______________________________________________________________________
Newly burned 0-1 78 15,201 (37,562 st/ha)
Moss-herb 1-5 21 2,795 (6,906 st/ha)
Tall shrub-sapling 3-30 30 13,445 (33,222 st/ha)
Dense tree 26-45 36 3,713 (9,175 st/ha)
Hardwood 46-150 55 15,378 (38,000 st/ha)
Spruce 150-300+ 39 2,049 (5,062 st/ha)
Low successive peaks between the newly burned, tall shrub-sapling, and
hardwood stages may have been caused by stand differences or successful
establishment followed by opportunism [19].
More info for the terms: climax, succession, tree
Highbush cranberry is moderately shade tolerant [6] and is important
throughout all stages of forest succession [46,61]. In floodplain
succession, highbush cranberry is present from the pioneer willow
through seral balsam poplar stages. It remains important in mature and
climax white spruce and black spruce-white spruce types [56].
Highbush cranberry sprouts following fire and is an important component
of early, midseral, and climax postfire communities [13,61]. The
following frequencies and densities were found in white spruce stands in
interior Alaska:
Stage Years after fire Frequency(%) Density(stems/acre)
_______________________________________________________________________
Newly burned 0-1 78 15,201 (37,562 st/ha)
Moss-herb 1-5 21 2,795 (6,906 st/ha)
Tall shrub-sapling 3-30 30 13,445 (33,222 st/ha)
Dense tree 26-45 36 3,713 (9,175 st/ha)
Hardwood 46-150 55 15,378 (38,000 st/ha)
Spruce 150-300+ 39 2,049 (5,062 st/ha)
Low successive peaks between the newly burned, tall shrub-sapling, and
hardwood stages may have been caused by stand differences or successful
establishment followed by opportunism [19].
- 46. Rowe, J. S. 1956. Uses of undergrowth plant species in forestry. Ecology. 37(3): 461-473. [8862]
- 6. Coates, D.; Haeussler, S. 1986. A preliminary guide to the response of major species of competing vegetation to silvicultural treatments. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch; Land Management Handbook Number 9. 88 p. [17453]
- 13. Dyrness, C. T.; Viereck, L. A.; Van Cleve, K. 1986. Fire in taiga communities of interior Alaska. In: Forest ecosystems in the Alaskan taiga. New York: Springer-Verlag: 74-86. [3881]
- 19. Foote, M. Joan. 1983. Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after fire in the taiga of interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-307. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 108 p. [7080]
- 56. Viereck, Leslie A. 1970. Forest succession and soil development adjacent to the Chena River in interior Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research. 2(1): 1-26. [12466]
- 61. Yarie, J.; Viereck, L.; Van Cleve, K.; Dryness, C. T. 1988. The chronosequence as an aid to understanding the long-term conse- quences of management activities. In: Dyck, W. J.; Mees, C. A, eds. Research Strategies for Long-term Productivity. Proceedings, IEA/BE A3 Workshop; [Date of conference unknown]
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Regeneration Processes
More info for the terms: layering, natural, radicle, rhizome
Sexual reproduction: Highbush cranberry begins to produce fruits at
approximately 5 years of age, and then produces large quantities nearly
every year thereafter. The one-seeded fruits are dispersed by the birds
and mammals that consume them [6,22]. Germination is normally delayed
until the second growing season after ripening. The seeds exhibit seed
coat and embryo dormancy that requires a two-stage stratification to be
broken. Most successful germination takes place when a warm period is
followed by cold stratification [21,22,59]. The radicle emerges and
begins growth during the warm period, and the cold period breaks the
dormancy of the plumule, which then grows when temperatures become
warmer. The time period of these stages is critical but has not been
worked out in detail. Clean, air-dried seeds can be stored up to 10
years without losing viability. Highbush cranberry is a seed-banking
species [21,22].
Vegetative reproduction: Highbush cranberry can reproduce vegetatively
by natural layering and sprouting from damaged root stocks, stembases,
and stumps. The plant is rhizomatous, but there is no evidence of
lateral spread from the parent by rhizome or root suckers [22].
Sexual reproduction: Highbush cranberry begins to produce fruits at
approximately 5 years of age, and then produces large quantities nearly
every year thereafter. The one-seeded fruits are dispersed by the birds
and mammals that consume them [6,22]. Germination is normally delayed
until the second growing season after ripening. The seeds exhibit seed
coat and embryo dormancy that requires a two-stage stratification to be
broken. Most successful germination takes place when a warm period is
followed by cold stratification [21,22,59]. The radicle emerges and
begins growth during the warm period, and the cold period breaks the
dormancy of the plumule, which then grows when temperatures become
warmer. The time period of these stages is critical but has not been
worked out in detail. Clean, air-dried seeds can be stored up to 10
years without losing viability. Highbush cranberry is a seed-banking
species [21,22].
Vegetative reproduction: Highbush cranberry can reproduce vegetatively
by natural layering and sprouting from damaged root stocks, stembases,
and stumps. The plant is rhizomatous, but there is no evidence of
lateral spread from the parent by rhizome or root suckers [22].
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 6. Coates, D.; Haeussler, S. 1986. A preliminary guide to the response of major species of competing vegetation to silvicultural treatments. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch; Land Management Handbook Number 9. 88 p. [17453]
- 21. Gill, John D.; Healy, William M. 1974. Shrubs and vines for Northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 180 p. [6207]
- 59. Viereck, Leslie A.; Schandelmeier, Linda A. 1980. Effects of fire in Alaska and adjacent Canada--a literature review. BLM-Alaska Tech. Rep. 6. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Mangement, Alaska State Office. 124 p. [7075]
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
More info on this topic.
More info for the terms: geophyte, phanerophyte
Phanerophyte (Microphanerophyte)
Phanerophyte (Nanophanerophyte)
Cryptophyte (Geophyte)
More info for the terms: geophyte, phanerophyte
Phanerophyte (Microphanerophyte)
Phanerophyte (Nanophanerophyte)
Cryptophyte (Geophyte)
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Fire Management Considerations
Prescribed fires of low-severity and short duration are recommended for
the management of highbush cranberry. Fires of this type favor the
germination of buried seeds and sprouting of vegetative structures
[6,22,47].
the management of highbush cranberry. Fires of this type favor the
germination of buried seeds and sprouting of vegetative structures
[6,22,47].
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 6. Coates, D.; Haeussler, S. 1986. A preliminary guide to the response of major species of competing vegetation to silvicultural treatments. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch; Land Management Handbook Number 9. 88 p. [17453]
- 47. Rowe, J. S. 1983. Concepts of fire effects on plant individuals and species. In: Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A., eds. SCOPE 18: The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Chichester; New York: John Wiley & Sons: 135-154. [2038]
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Life History and Behavior
Cyclicity
Phenology
More info on this topic.
More info for the term: shrubs
Highbush cranberry flowers from May to August, depending on location.
Fruits ripen from August to October and persist throughout the winter
[18,22,58]. Leaf flush begins in April or May, and senescence and
abscission take place earlier than on associated shrubs [22].
More info for the term: shrubs
Highbush cranberry flowers from May to August, depending on location.
Fruits ripen from August to October and persist throughout the winter
[18,22,58]. Leaf flush begins in April or May, and senescence and
abscission take place earlier than on associated shrubs [22].
- 18. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R. C. Rollins]
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 58. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Viburnum edule
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Viburnum edule
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Conservation
Conservation Status
Highbush cranberry is considered rare (species or habitat vulnerable or
declining) in South Dakota [31]. It has also been placed on Maine's
official Watch List [8].
declining) in South Dakota [31]. It has also been placed on Maine's
official Watch List [8].
- 8. Dibble, Alison C.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Tyler, Harry R., Jr.; Vickery, Barbara St. J. 1989. Maine's official list of endangered and threatened plants. Rhodora. 91(867): 244-269. [4258]
- 31. Houtcooper, Wayne C.; Ode, David J.; Pearson, John A.; Vandel, George M., III. 1985. Rare animals and plants of South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. 17(3): 143-165. [1198]
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Management
Management considerations
More info for the terms: cover, density, frequency, hardwood, natural, rhizome, shrubs, softwood
Highbush cranberry is not considered to be a primary competitor to
conifers but is a component of major brush complexes that occur on
moist, productive sites on floodplains or under deciduous canopies. It
can compete significantly with natural or planted white spruce seedlings
in the Sub-Boreal Spruce and Boreal White and Black Spruce (Picea
mariana) Zones, where it is most abundant [22].
Highbush cranberry has shown varying responses to overstory removal.
Near Prince George, British Columbia, highbush cranberry in white
spruce-subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests had not become a
significant component of the vegetation 6 years after clearcutting,
although it was present on all sites prior to the harvest [14]. In
Alberta, highbush cranberry had significantly lower cover in 6- to
12-year-old clearcut areas than in adjacent mature lodgepole pine
stands. In contrast, logging of a balsam poplar stand in Alaska caused
a dramatic increase in highbush cranberry density. It was one of the
dominant shrubs and reached 3.3 feet (1 m) in height within 4 years
[22]. In general, frequency and cover are expected to remain constant
or decrease slightly in the first few years after overstory removal.
Vigor may increase slowly on favorable sites [6].
Highbush cranberry is a seed-banking species, and soil disturbance
resulting from mechanical site preparation favors germination of stored
seed. The disturbance may also provide favorable seedbeds for freshly
deposited seed. Plants damaged in site preparation sprout from root
stocks and stem bases [6].
Highbush cranberry increased less in a winter-logged balsam poplar stand
than in one that had been summer-logged. Higher soil disturbance on the
summer-logged site may have stimulated sprouting. However,
scarification did not enhance cover of highbush cranberry in clearcut
areas near Edson, Alberta [22]. Highbush cranberry was also less
abundant on mechanically prepared sites than on unscalped sites in
interior Alaska. Frequency and cover of highbush cranberry 3 years
after clearcutting and shelterwood cutting of white spruce stands were
as follows [63]:
Clearcut Shelterwood
scalped unscalped scalped unscalped
_____________________________________________________
Frequency (%) 13.3 38.3 13.3 20.0
Cover (%) 1.8 5.2 1.7 3.2
Highbush cranberry can be propagated vegetatively by hardwood or
softwood cuttings, although softwood cuttings are far more successful at
producing roots. Softwood cuttings root sooner and more prolifically in
sand than in perlite. Rooting success greatly increases by treating
cuttings with IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid). Rhizome cuttings also
successfully produce roots when planted immediately after fall
collection [30].
Seeding may also be used for propagation of Viburnums. Seeds may be
broadcast sown on prepared seedbeds and mulched with sawdust or sown
with drills and mulched with straw. Seedlings may require shading,
depending on location. Fertile, moist soils which are neutral to
slightly acidic result in best germination [21].
Herbicides can be used to control highbush cranberry. Glyphosate
exhibits good control and causes moderately severe damage to the plant
[2,22]. Aerially spraying a young aspen-balsam poplar stand in June
resulted in 95 percent defoliation and heavy mortality of highbush
cranberry [22]. Roundup also causes defoliation and moderate mortality
rates [6]. Hexazinone does not appear to control highbush cranberry
effectively [2,6].
Highbush cranberry is utilized heavily in tent caterpillar outbreaks
[52]. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, and scale are also likely to occur
on Viburnums. A leaf spot (Ascochyta viburni) has been found on plants
along coastal British Columbia, and a rust (Puccinia linkii) has been
found on plants in northern British Columbia. Neither of these diseases
is considered serious [22].
Highbush cranberry is not considered to be a primary competitor to
conifers but is a component of major brush complexes that occur on
moist, productive sites on floodplains or under deciduous canopies. It
can compete significantly with natural or planted white spruce seedlings
in the Sub-Boreal Spruce and Boreal White and Black Spruce (Picea
mariana) Zones, where it is most abundant [22].
Highbush cranberry has shown varying responses to overstory removal.
Near Prince George, British Columbia, highbush cranberry in white
spruce-subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests had not become a
significant component of the vegetation 6 years after clearcutting,
although it was present on all sites prior to the harvest [14]. In
Alberta, highbush cranberry had significantly lower cover in 6- to
12-year-old clearcut areas than in adjacent mature lodgepole pine
stands. In contrast, logging of a balsam poplar stand in Alaska caused
a dramatic increase in highbush cranberry density. It was one of the
dominant shrubs and reached 3.3 feet (1 m) in height within 4 years
[22]. In general, frequency and cover are expected to remain constant
or decrease slightly in the first few years after overstory removal.
Vigor may increase slowly on favorable sites [6].
Highbush cranberry is a seed-banking species, and soil disturbance
resulting from mechanical site preparation favors germination of stored
seed. The disturbance may also provide favorable seedbeds for freshly
deposited seed. Plants damaged in site preparation sprout from root
stocks and stem bases [6].
Highbush cranberry increased less in a winter-logged balsam poplar stand
than in one that had been summer-logged. Higher soil disturbance on the
summer-logged site may have stimulated sprouting. However,
scarification did not enhance cover of highbush cranberry in clearcut
areas near Edson, Alberta [22]. Highbush cranberry was also less
abundant on mechanically prepared sites than on unscalped sites in
interior Alaska. Frequency and cover of highbush cranberry 3 years
after clearcutting and shelterwood cutting of white spruce stands were
as follows [63]:
Clearcut Shelterwood
scalped unscalped scalped unscalped
_____________________________________________________
Frequency (%) 13.3 38.3 13.3 20.0
Cover (%) 1.8 5.2 1.7 3.2
Highbush cranberry can be propagated vegetatively by hardwood or
softwood cuttings, although softwood cuttings are far more successful at
producing roots. Softwood cuttings root sooner and more prolifically in
sand than in perlite. Rooting success greatly increases by treating
cuttings with IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid). Rhizome cuttings also
successfully produce roots when planted immediately after fall
collection [30].
Seeding may also be used for propagation of Viburnums. Seeds may be
broadcast sown on prepared seedbeds and mulched with sawdust or sown
with drills and mulched with straw. Seedlings may require shading,
depending on location. Fertile, moist soils which are neutral to
slightly acidic result in best germination [21].
Herbicides can be used to control highbush cranberry. Glyphosate
exhibits good control and causes moderately severe damage to the plant
[2,22]. Aerially spraying a young aspen-balsam poplar stand in June
resulted in 95 percent defoliation and heavy mortality of highbush
cranberry [22]. Roundup also causes defoliation and moderate mortality
rates [6]. Hexazinone does not appear to control highbush cranberry
effectively [2,6].
Highbush cranberry is utilized heavily in tent caterpillar outbreaks
[52]. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, and scale are also likely to occur
on Viburnums. A leaf spot (Ascochyta viburni) has been found on plants
along coastal British Columbia, and a rust (Puccinia linkii) has been
found on plants in northern British Columbia. Neither of these diseases
is considered serious [22].
- 2. Balfour, Patty M. 1989. Effects of forest herbicides on some important wildlife forage species. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch. 58 p. [12148]
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 6. Coates, D.; Haeussler, S. 1986. A preliminary guide to the response of major species of competing vegetation to silvicultural treatments. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch; Land Management Handbook Number 9. 88 p. [17453]
- 14. Eis, S. 1981. Effect of vegetative competition on regeneration of white spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 11: 1-8. [10104]
- 21. Gill, John D.; Healy, William M. 1974. Shrubs and vines for Northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 180 p. [6207]
- 30. Holloway, Patricia; Zasada, John. 1979. Vegetative propagation of 11 common Alaska woody plants. Res. Note PNW-334. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [1183]
- 52. Strong, W. L.; Pluth, D. J.; La Roi, G. H.; Corns, I. G. W. 1991. Continuation of #17695 - Keywords. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 1675-1683. [17696]
- 63. Zasada, John C.; Grigal, David F. 1978. The effects of silvicultural system and seed bed preparation on natural regeneration of white spruce and associated species in Interior Alaska. In: Hollis, Charles A.; Squillace, Anthony E., eds. Proceedings: Fifth North American Forest Biology Workshop; [Date of conference unknown]
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Other uses and values
More info for the term: shrub
Highbush cranberries are edible and make excellent jams, jellies, and
sauces if picked before fully mature [29,32,58]. The berries were an
important food of Native Americans of the Bella Coola region of British
Columbia, where a single shrub may yield up to 100 berries [38]. The
plant is cultivated for its brilliant red autumnal foliage [58].
Highbush cranberries are edible and make excellent jams, jellies, and
sauces if picked before fully mature [29,32,58]. The berries were an
important food of Native Americans of the Bella Coola region of British
Columbia, where a single shrub may yield up to 100 berries [38]. The
plant is cultivated for its brilliant red autumnal foliage [58].
- 29. Holloway, Patricia S.; Alexander, Ginny. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Fort Yukon region, Alaska. Economic Botany. 44(2): 214-225. [13625]
- 32. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
- 38. Lepofsky, Dana; Turner, Nancy J.; Kuhnlein, Harriet V. 1985. Determining the availability of traditional wild plant foods: an example of Nuxalk foods, Bella Coola, British Columbia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 16: 223-241. [7002]
- 58. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
More info for the term: reclamation
The value of highbush cranberry for rehabilitative purposes has not been
well documented. It was studied for its use in oil sands reclamation,
but no results were detailed [17].
The value of highbush cranberry for rehabilitative purposes has not been
well documented. It was studied for its use in oil sands reclamation,
but no results were detailed [17].
- 17. Fedkenheruer, A. W. 1979. Native shrub research for oil sands reclamation. Edmonton, AB: Syncrude Canada Ltd. 14 p. [16250]
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Cover Value
More info for the term: cover
Viburnum species are important components of forest-edge and hedgerow
habitats that provide cover for small mammals and birds [21].
Viburnum species are important components of forest-edge and hedgerow
habitats that provide cover for small mammals and birds [21].
- 21. Gill, John D.; Healy, William M. 1974. Shrubs and vines for Northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 180 p. [6207]
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
Highbush cranberries are consumed by many small mammals and songbirds
[22,58]. Game birds including spruce grouse and ruffed grouse also eat
the berries [15,34]. Foliage is browsed by beaver, rabbit, and snowshoe
hare [22].
Highbush cranberry is of low to moderate importance as browse to
Roosevelt elk, Rocky Mountain elk, mountain goat, bighorn sheep,
black-tail deer, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and caribou [2,5]. The
foliage is also browsed by moose throughout the year [37,48].
Highbush cranberries are a major food of grizzly bears [3,23,40]. Black
bears consume highbush cranberries in late fall [27].
[22,58]. Game birds including spruce grouse and ruffed grouse also eat
the berries [15,34]. Foliage is browsed by beaver, rabbit, and snowshoe
hare [22].
Highbush cranberry is of low to moderate importance as browse to
Roosevelt elk, Rocky Mountain elk, mountain goat, bighorn sheep,
black-tail deer, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and caribou [2,5]. The
foliage is also browsed by moose throughout the year [37,48].
Highbush cranberries are a major food of grizzly bears [3,23,40]. Black
bears consume highbush cranberries in late fall [27].
- 2. Balfour, Patty M. 1989. Effects of forest herbicides on some important wildlife forage species. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch. 58 p. [12148]
- 5. Blower, Dan. 1982. Key winter forage plants for B.C. ungulates. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Terrestrial StudiesBranch. [17065]
- 22. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]
- 3. Banner, Allen; Pojar, Jim; Trowbridge, Rick; Hamilton, Anthony. 1986. Grizzly bear habitat in the Kimsquit River Valley, coastal British Columbia: classification, description, and mapping. In: Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium; 1985 April 30 - May 2; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 36-49. [10810]
- 15. Ellison, Laurence. 1966. Seasonal foods and chemical analysis of winter diet of Alaskan spruce grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management. 30(4): 729-735. [9735]
- 23. Hamilton, Anthony; Archibald, W. Ralph. 1986. Grizzly bear habitat in the Kimsquit River Valley, coastal British Columbia: evaluation. In: Contreras, Glen P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. Proceedings-grizzly bear habitat symposium; 1985 April 30 - May 2; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 50-56. [10811]
- 27. Hatler, David F. 1972. Food habits of black bears in interior Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 86(1): 17-31. [10389]
- 34. Kelleyhouse, David G. 1979. Fire/wildlife relationships in Alaska. In: Hoefs, M.; Russell, D., eds. Wildlife and wildfire: Proceedings of workshop; 1979 November 27-28; Whitehorse, YT. Whitehorse, YT: Yukon Wildlife Branch: 1-36. [14071]
- 37. LeResche, Robert E.; Davis, James L. 1973. Importance of nonbrowse foods to moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management. 37(3): 279-287. [13123]
- 40. Meehan, William R. 1974. The forest ecosystem of southeast Alaska: 4. Wildlife habitats. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-16. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p. [13479]
- 48. Snyder, J. D.; Janke, R. A. 1976. Impact of moose browsing on boreal-type forests of Isle Royale National Park. American Midland Naturalist. 95(1): 79-92. [8119]
- 58. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Nutritional Value
Highbush cranberry's current annual stem and leaf growth collected in
July from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, were analyzed for browse quality to
moose. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was 52.8 percent and protein
content was 10.3 percent. Concentrations of the following elements
were found [41]:
Macroelements (ppm)
Ca K Mg Na
___________________________________________
3,284 10,798 2,112 106
Microelements (ppm)
Cu Fe Mn Zn
___________________________________________
21.0 5.0 24.4 23.5
July from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, were analyzed for browse quality to
moose. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was 52.8 percent and protein
content was 10.3 percent. Concentrations of the following elements
were found [41]:
Macroelements (ppm)
Ca K Mg Na
___________________________________________
3,284 10,798 2,112 106
Microelements (ppm)
Cu Fe Mn Zn
___________________________________________
21.0 5.0 24.4 23.5
- 41. Oldemeyer, J. L.; Franzmann, A. W.; Brundage, A. L.; [and others]
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Palatability
Viburnum foliage is low in palatability to livestock [55].
Pease [42] states that Viburnum foliage is highly unpalatable to snowshoe
hare, but others report it to be a preferred hare food in some areas [60].
Pease [42] states that Viburnum foliage is highly unpalatable to snowshoe
hare, but others report it to be a preferred hare food in some areas [60].
- 55. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240]
- 42. Pease, James L.; Vowles, Richard H.; Keith, Lloyd B. 1979. Interaction of snowshoe hares and woody vegetation. Journal of Wildlife Management. 43(1): 43-60. [12465]
- 60. Wolff, Jerry O. 1978. Food habits of snowshoe hare in interior Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management. 42(1): 148-153. [7443]
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Wikipedia
Viburnum edule
Viburnum edule, the squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, highbush cranberry, lowbush cranberry or moosomin in Cree language, is a small shrub species.
Foliage
Flowers
See also
References
Source:
Wikipedia
Unreviewed
Disclaimer
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