Biology

Flowers appear as early as mid-May, and may last as late as October, with flowering reaching a peak during June and July (4). Reproduction is by cross-pollination with other plants, and pollination is performed by insects such as bumblebees (Bombus), honeybees (Apismellifera) and butterflies (6). The Tennessee purple coneflower apparently has quite ineffective seed dispersal methods, which limit the plant's ability to colonise new areas (4).