Overview
Brief Summary
The "pteropod" Clione limacina belongs to a group of marine gastropod mollusks that lack shells. This species has been the subject of extensive investigations into the neurobiology of swimming behavior. Its geographic distribution was long considered to be circumpolar (i.e., around both the northern and southern ends of the Earth), with northern and southern hemisphere subspecies. However, work by Gilmer and Lalli (1990) suggested that southern populations should possibly be treated as a distinct species, C. antarctica. Clione limacina is widely distributed in the North Atlantic and Subarctic Oceans and is found also in the North Pacific Ocean and along the Atlantic coast of North America in the waters of the cold Labrador current south to the Cape Hatteras region (around 35 N).
Clione limacina breeds and spawns in all types of water masses within the vertical range it commonly inhabits, i.e., from the surface to around 500 m. The most intensive spawning is correlated with the spring/summer period of annual heating of local water and the highest abundance parallels maximum growth of phytoplankton, which serves as food for veliger larvae and early polytrochous larvae. After the end of this period, spawning intensity in local C. limacina populations declines sharply, although spawning continues at low intensity during the autumn/winter season.
Clione limacina feeds exclusively on shelled "pteropods", such as Limacina helicina (Lalli and Gilmer, 1989). Only the veliger stage ofC. limacina does not feed on Limacina, instead consuming phytoplankton during this life stage. However, 48 to 72 h after metamorphosis from the veliger stage to polytrochous larvae (at around 0.3 mm length) C. limacina begin feeding on Limacina veligers. At sizes greater than 0.6 mm, C. limacina begin to consume metamorphosed Limacina prey and they do so exclusively once they exceed 1.75 to 2 mm in length. Clione capture their Limacina prey with their six buccal cones and the proboscis is used to draw the body out of the shell. The feeding specialization of Clione is reflected in numerous adaptations. Because even the early polytrochous larvae of Clione feed on Limacina, the life cycles of predator and prey are necessarily closely synchronized. The feeding behavior of C. limacina is described in detail by Lalli and Gilmer (1989) and Hermans and Satterlie (1992).
See additional images and information at the Sea Slug Forum for both the arctic and antarctic forms
(Mileikovsky 1970; Lalli and Gilmer1989; Gilmer and Lalli 1990; Hermans and Satterlie 1992)
Clione limacina breeds and spawns in all types of water masses within the vertical range it commonly inhabits, i.e., from the surface to around 500 m. The most intensive spawning is correlated with the spring/summer period of annual heating of local water and the highest abundance parallels maximum growth of phytoplankton, which serves as food for veliger larvae and early polytrochous larvae. After the end of this period, spawning intensity in local C. limacina populations declines sharply, although spawning continues at low intensity during the autumn/winter season.
Clione limacina feeds exclusively on shelled "pteropods", such as Limacina helicina (Lalli and Gilmer, 1989). Only the veliger stage ofC. limacina does not feed on Limacina, instead consuming phytoplankton during this life stage. However, 48 to 72 h after metamorphosis from the veliger stage to polytrochous larvae (at around 0.3 mm length) C. limacina begin feeding on Limacina veligers. At sizes greater than 0.6 mm, C. limacina begin to consume metamorphosed Limacina prey and they do so exclusively once they exceed 1.75 to 2 mm in length. Clione capture their Limacina prey with their six buccal cones and the proboscis is used to draw the body out of the shell. The feeding specialization of Clione is reflected in numerous adaptations. Because even the early polytrochous larvae of Clione feed on Limacina, the life cycles of predator and prey are necessarily closely synchronized. The feeding behavior of C. limacina is described in detail by Lalli and Gilmer (1989) and Hermans and Satterlie (1992).
See additional images and information at the Sea Slug Forum for both the arctic and antarctic forms
(Mileikovsky 1970; Lalli and Gilmer1989; Gilmer and Lalli 1990; Hermans and Satterlie 1992)
- Lalli, C.M. and R.W. Gilmer. 1989. Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.
- Gilmer, R.W. & Lalli, C.M. 1990. Bipolar variation in Clione, a gymnosomatous pteropod. American Malacological Union Bulletin 8(1): 67-75.
- Hermans, C.O. and R.A. Satterlie. 1992. Fast-Strike Feeding Behavior in a Pteropod Mollusk, Clione limacina Phipps. Biological Bulletin 182:1-7.
- Mileikovsky, S.A. 1970. Breeding and larval distribution of the pteropod Clione limacina in the North Atlantic, Subarctic and North Pacific Oceans. Marine Biology 6: 317--334.
© Leo Shapiro
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Comprehensive Description
Biology
The most common naked pteropod of arctic waters
© Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Barrel-shaped body with paddle-like lateral wings; No external gills; Transparent body with orange-red colouration in the tail and horn-like mouth organs; Tentacles and hooks deployed during feeding; Reddish-brown visceral mass is seen through the body wall; Several subspecies and forms recognized, with differing shell shape and differeing polar/subpolar distribution
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Distribution
Distribution
Arctic seas to North Carolina; Alaska-Canada-Northern Europe
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
© WoRMS for SMEBD
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World Register of Marine Species
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Distribution
Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, Canada Basin, Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone [Arctic part], Chukchi Sea, Cobscook Bay, European waters (ERMS scope), Gulf of Maine, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, North West Atlantic, Portugese Exclusive Economic Zone, Saint Andrews, Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone, Storfjordrenna, Storfjords, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, Wimereux
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
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Backeljau, T. (1986). Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België [List of the recent marine molluscs of Belgium]. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2
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Trott, T.J. 2004. Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist (Special Issue 2): 261 - 324.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=3072
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Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180-213
http://www.marinespecies.org/mollusca/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1364
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Johnson CL, Runge JA, Curtis KA, Durbin EG, Hare JA, Incze LS, Link J, Melvin GD, O'Brien TD, Van Guelpen, L (in revision) Biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Gulf of Maine: pattern and role of zooplankton and pelagic nekton. PLoS One.
http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/masdea/masdea.php?p=sourcedetails&id=148111
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MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149081
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Ramos, M. (ed.). 2010. IBERFAUNA. The Iberian Fauna Databank
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149024
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Miller, Roberta. 2011. The St. Anne de Bellevue Arctic Biological Station Collection In Museum collection database, Fisheries and Oceans Canada digital collections, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Quebec
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=150285
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Auel, H. & W. Hagen. 2002. Mesozooplankton community structure, abundance and biomass in the central Arctic Ocean. Marine Biology Berlin 140(5): 1013-1021.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=74373
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Hopcroft, R.R., C. Clarke, R. J. Nelson & K. A. Raskoff. 2005. Zooplankton communities of the Arctic's Canada Basin: the contribution by smaller taxa. Polar Biology 28(3):198-206.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=93055
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Hirche, H.J. & K.N. Kosobokova.. 2011. Winter studies on zooplankton in Arctic seas: the Storfjord (Svalbard) and adjacent ice-covered Barents Sea. Marine Biology (Berlin) 158(10):359-2376.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=154902
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Matsuno, K., A. Yamaguchi, T. Hirawake & I. Imai (2011). Year-to-year changes of the mesozooplankton community in the Chukchi Sea during summers of 1991, 1992 and 2007, 2008. Polar Biology 34(9):1349-1360.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=154958
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North/South Consultants 2006. Potential dispersal of aquatic invasive species into Hudson Bay from ballast water from ships travelling from ports in Europe and North America. A report prepared for Fisheries and Ocean Canada File No. F2408-050083
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=155160
© WoRMS for SMEBD
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World Register of Marine Species
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Ecology
Habitat
Panarctic, bipolar and subpolar; Epipelagic (shallow dwelling)
© Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Habitat
Mesopelagic
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Census of Marine Zooplankton, 2006. NOAA Ship Ronald H Brown, deployment RHB0603, Sargasso Sea. Peter Wiebe, PI. Identifications by L. Bercial, N. Copley, A. Cornils, L. Devi, H. Hansen, R. Hopcroft, M. Kuriyama, H. Matsuura, D. Lindsay, L. Madin, F. Pagè
http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/masdea/masdea.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145459
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Habitat
Epipelagic
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Census of Marine Zooplankton, 2006. NOAA Ship Ronald H Brown, deployment RHB0603, Sargasso Sea. Peter Wiebe, PI. Identifications by L. Bercial, N. Copley, A. Cornils, L. Devi, H. Hansen, R. Hopcroft, M. Kuriyama, H. Matsuura, D. Lindsay, L. Madin, F. Pagè
http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/masdea/masdea.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145459
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Habitat
upper epipelagic and glacial
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
© WoRMS for SMEBD
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World Register of Marine Species
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Depth range based on 1477 specimens in 3 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1180 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 1510
Temperature range (°C): -1.854 - 13.798
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.007 - 45.133
Salinity (PPS): 20.476 - 35.575
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.471 - 9.319
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.055 - 3.321
Silicate (umol/l): 1.403 - 158.199
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 1510
Temperature range (°C): -1.854 - 13.798
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.007 - 45.133
Salinity (PPS): 20.476 - 35.575
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.471 - 9.319
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.055 - 3.321
Silicate (umol/l): 1.403 - 158.199
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1180 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 1510
Temperature range (°C): -1.854 - 13.798
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.007 - 45.133
Salinity (PPS): 20.476 - 35.575
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.471 - 9.319
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.055 - 3.321
Silicate (umol/l): 1.403 - 158.199
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 1510
Temperature range (°C): -1.854 - 13.798
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.007 - 45.133
Salinity (PPS): 20.476 - 35.575
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.471 - 9.319
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.055 - 3.321
Silicate (umol/l): 1.403 - 158.199
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Trophic Strategy
An active swimmer while hunting for its shelled pteropod prey, primarily Limacina helicina; Feeding apparatus consists of 3 pairs of buccal cones (finger-like tentacles), 2 clusters of long hooks, and a toothed radula (a chain-saw like tongue) all normally hidden inside the head and body; Feeding apparatus is everted (pushed out) during feeding to extract the prey from their shells; A well-feed animal has a large dark gut
© Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
protandrous hermaphrodite (males first, females later); mating involves cross-fertilization; 30-40 eggs laid as oblong gelatinous egg strips (1 to 1.2 mm long); Newly hatched larvae have thimble-shaped shells and a ciliated velum aroudn mouth; shell is soon cast off and while changing to adult body form, 2 ciliated rings lost are visible mid-body and near the tail; Generation times thought to be 1 year in the arctic and perhaps 2 per year in the subarctic
© Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Genomic DNA is available from 1 specimen with morphological vouchers housed at Queensland Museum
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Barcode data: Clione limacina
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
Download FASTA File
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
GBMLG0721-06|AY227377|Clione limacina| ---------------------------------------ACTCTTTATCTTTTATTTGGGCTATGGAGAGCCCTTGTAGGCTCTGCCTTT---TCTGTTTTGATTCGAATAGAATTAGGATCTACTACCATCATTCTAGGTTCT---CCTCATTTATACAATGTATTGGTTACAGCCCATGCTTTTGTTATAATTTTCTTCTTTGTAATGCCTGTTTTAATTGGGGGGTTTGGAAATTGAATGCTACCTCTATTG---GTAGGTGCTGCTGATATGGCGTTCCCTCGCCTAAACAACATGAGATTCTGGTTTCTTCCTCCTGCAATAATTCTATTGCTAGTATCTTCTTTAGTAGAGGGAGGAGTGGGTACAGGTTGAACTGTTTACCCTCCACTAAGATCGTTAGTAGGACATAATAACCACTCTGTTGATCTA---GCTATTTTTTCTTTACACTTAGCTGGTATTAGGTCTATTTTAGGTGCAGTAAATTTTATTACTACTATCTTAAATATACGAGCCCCTGGAGTTAGCTGAGAACGACTATCTCTATTTGTGTGGTCTCTTTTAGTAACAACAGTTCTTCTACTTTTATCTCTTCCTGTATTGGCAGGA---GCTATTACTATACTCCTTACTGACCGTAATTTCAATACAGGGTTCTTTGACCCTGGGGCCGGTGGAGACCCTATTTTATTTCAACATTTA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Clione limacina
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Species: 38
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 1
Species: 38
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Wikipedia
Clione limacina
Clione limacina, common name Naked Sea Butterfly or Common Clione, is a sea angel found from the surface to 350 m[citation needed] in depth. Lives in both Arctic and Antarctic Oceans.
It was first described by Martens in 1676 and became the first gymnosomatous "pteropod" to be described.[2]
Contents |
Subspecies
Distribution
Distribution of Clione limacina include mostly in cold waters, as the Arctic Ocean to North Carolina, Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe in Northern Atlantic[1] and North Pacific.[3]
They aggregate sometimes in considerable numbers before the coasts of Northern Europe.
Description
There are two races that differentiate in body length.[3] Northern race lives in colder water and its size is 70-85 mm.[3] The size of the southern race is 12 mm.[3]
The maximum recorded shell length is 40 mm.[4]
The neurobiology of this pteropod has been studied in detail.
Ecology
Clione limacina is upper epipelagic, glacial and mesopelagic animal.[1] But Welch (2010)[4] mention (incorrectly?) minimum recorded depth 0 m[4] and maximum recorded depth 0 m.[4][clarification needed]
Feeding habits
They feed in a predator-prey relationship only on the sea butterflies of the genus Limacina: on Limacina helicina and on Limacina retroversa.[3][5] The feeding process of Clione limacina is somewhat extraordinary. The buccal apparatus consists of three pairs of buccal cones. These tentacles grab the shell of Limacina helicina. When the prey is in the right position, with its shell opening facing the radula of Clione limacina, it then grasps the prey with its chitinous hooks, everted from hook sacs. Then it extracts the body completely out of its shell and swallows it whole.[citation needed]
It can survive one year without food.[6] Under such exceptional starvation in the laboratory the length of slugs have changed on average from 22.4 to 12 mm.[6]
Life cycle
Sexes are separate but are seldom conspicuously different externally, simultaneous hermaphrodites yet self-fertilization is prevented due to various morphological, physiological, or behavioral mechanisms.[1] Generally, marine gastropods shed their eggs.[1]
Clione limacina is a prey of planktonic feeders, such as the baleen whales,[3] which historically led to sailors naming it "whale-food".[7] Some fishes are also its predators.[3]
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-SA-3.0 text from the reference [1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gofas, S. (2011). Clione limacina. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139178 on 2011-01-29
- ^ Spitzbergiscbe oder grönlandische Reisebeschreibung, p. 189, p1. P. fig. f.
- ^ a b c d e f g Böer M., Gannefors C., Kattner G., Graeve M., Hop H. & Falk-Petersen S. (2005). "The Arctic pteropod Clione limacina: seasonal lipid dynamics and life-strategy". Marine Biology 147(3): 707-717. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-1607-8.
- ^ a b c d Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
- ^ Lalli C. M. & Gilmer R. W. (1989). Pelagic Snails. The biology of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. page 188.
- ^ a b Böer M., Graeve M. & Kattner G. (2006). "Exceptional long-term starvation ability and sites of lipid storage of the Arctic pteropod Clione limacina". Polar Biology 30(5): 571-580. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0214-6.
- ^ Gosse, Philip Henry (1854). Mollusca. Natural History. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 72. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_History,_Mollusca.
Further reading
- http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/cliolima accessed 5 January 2010
- (Danish) Boas J. E. V. (1888). "Spolia Atlantica. Bidrag til Pteropodernes. Morfologi og Systematik samt til Kundskaben om deres geografiski Udbredelse". Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter. København, serie 6, number 4: 1-231. Pages 162-166. Plate 7, figure 101-103.
- Conover R. J. & Lalli C. M. (1972). "Feeding and growth in Clione limacina (Phipps), a pteropod mollusc". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 9(3): 279-302. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(72)90038-X.
- Falk-Petersen S., Sargent J. R., Kwasniewski S., Gulliksen B. & Millar R.-M. (2001). "Lipids and fatty acids in Clione limacina and Limacina helicina in Svalbard waters and the Arctic Ocean: trophic implications". Polar Biology 24(3): 163-170. doi:10.1007/s003000000190.
- Gilmer R. W. & Lalli C. M. (1990). "Bipolar variation in Clione, a gymnosomatous pteropod". Am. Malacol. Union Bull. 8(1): 67-75.
- Gosliner T. (1987). Nudibranchs of southern Africa: A guide to Opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa. Sea Challengers, Monterey. ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- Hermans C. O. & Satterlie R. A. (1992). "Fast-Strike Feeding Behaviour in a Pteropod Mollusk, Clione limacina Phipps". The Biological bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, 182: 1-7.
- Morton J. E. (1958). "Observations on the gymnosomatous pteropod Clione limacina (Phipps)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37: 287-297.
- Rosenthal, J. J. C.; Seibel, B. A.; Dymowska, A.; Bezanilla, F. (2009). "Trade-off between aerobic capacity and locomotor capability in an Antarctic pteropod". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (15): 6192–6196. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901321106. PMC 2669364. PMID 19325127. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2669364.
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Wikipedia
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