The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

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• Anonymous, (1999u). Modiolus modiolus beds. Habitat Action Plan. In UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough., English Nature for the UK Biodiversity Group, Peterborough.
• Anwar, N.A., Richardson, C.A. & Seed, R., (1990). Age determination, growth rate, and population structure of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 70, 441-457.
• Backeljau, T. (1986). Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België [List of the recent marine molluscs of Belgium]. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp.
• Backeljau, T. 1986. Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België [List of the recent marine molluscs of Belgium]. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp.
• Bayne, B.L., Thompson, R.J. & Widdows, J., (1976b). Physiology: I. In Marine mussels: their ecology and physiology (ed. B.L. Bayne), pp. 121-206. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [International Biological Programme 10.]
• Bossé, L., B. Sainte-Marie et J. Fournier (1996). Les invertébrés des fonds meubles et la biogéographie du fjord du Saguenay. Rapp. tech. can. sci. halieut. aquat. 2 132: vii + 45 p.
• Bouchet P.,Gofas S. & Rosenberg G. (2013). WoRMS Mollusca: World Marine Mollusca database (version Feb 2013). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 11th March 2013 (Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Brown, R.A. & R. Seed., (1976). Modiolus modiolus (L.) - an autoecological study. In Proceedings of the 11th European Symposium on Marine Biology, Galway, 5-11 October, 1976. Biology of Benthic Organisms (ed. B.F. Keegan, P.O. Ceidigh & Boaden, P.J.S.), pp. 93-100.
• Brown, R.A., (1984). Geographical variation in the reproduction of the horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64, 751-770.
• Bryan, G.W. & Gibbs, P.E., (1991). Impact of low concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) on marine organisms: a review. In: Metal ecotoxicology: concepts and applications (ed. M.C. Newman & A.W. McIntosh), pp. 323-361. Boston: Lewis Publishers Inc.
• Cattrijsse, A.; Vincx, M. (2001). Biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the Belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs: Brussel, Belgium. 48 pp.
• Christie, H.; Jørgensen, N.M.; Norderhaug, K.M.; Waage-Nielsen, E. (2003). Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian Coast. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 83(4): 687-699
• Coleman, N., (1973). Water loss from aerially exposed mussels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 12, 145-155.
• Comely, C.A., (1978). Modiolus modiolus (L.) from the Scottish West coast. I. Biology. Ophelia, 17, 167-193.
• Comely, C.A., (1981). The physical and biological condition of Modiolus modiolus (L.) in selected Shetland voes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B, 80, 299-321.
• Davenport, J. & Kjørsvik, E., (1982). Observations on a Norwegian intertidal population of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus (L.). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 370-371.
• Dyntaxa (2013) Swedish Taxonomic Database. Accessed at www.dyntaxa.se [15-01-2013].
• Dyntaxa. 2013. Swedish Taxonomic Database. Accessed at www.dyntaxa.se [15-01-2013].
• E.V. Coan and P.V. Scott. 2000. Bivalve seashells of western North America
• Eneman, E. (1984). Uit het Natuurhistorisch Archief [From the Natural History Archive]. De Strandvlo 4(1): 4-17
• Fish, J.D. & Fish, S., (1996). A student's guide to the seashore. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fujiwara Y, Kawato M, Noda C, Kinoshita G, Yamanaka T, et al. 2010. Extracellular and Mixotrophic Symbiosis in the Whale-Fall Mussel Adipicola pacifica: A Trend in Evolution from Extra- to Intracellular Symbiosis. PLoS ONE 5(7): e11808. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011808
• Gofas, S. (2013). Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140467 on 2013-03-02
• Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180-213
• Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. 2001. Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50:
• Gosner, K.L. 1971. Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates: Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 693 p.
• Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010).
• Hayward, P., Nelson-Smith, T. & Shields, C., (1996). Collins pocket guide. Sea shore of Britain and northern Europe. London: HarperCollins.
• Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
• Heip, C.H.R.; Herman, R.L.; Bisschop, G.; Govaere, J.C.R.; Holvoet, M.; van Damme, D.; Vanosmael, C.; Willems, K.R.; De Coninck, L.A.P. (1979). Benthic studies of the Southern Bight of the North Sea and its adjacent continental estuaries: Progress Report 1, in: (1979). Coordinated Research Actions Interuniversitary Actions Oceanology: symposium reports. pp. 133-163
• Henderson, J.T., (1929). Lethal temperatures of Lamellibranchiata. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, 4, 395-412.
• Hiscock, K., (1983). Water movement. In Sublittoral ecology. The ecology of shallow sublittoral benthos (ed. R. Earll & D.G. Erwin), pp. 58-96. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J. & Seed, R., (1998). Biogenic reefs (Volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project), 174 pp.
• Howson, C.M. & Picton, B.E. (ed.), (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Belfast: Ulster Museum. [Ulster Museum publication, no. 276.]
• Huber M. 2010. Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world’s marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. 901
• ITIS database
• Jasim, A.K.N. & Brand, A.R., (1989). Observations on the reproduction of Modiolus modiolus in the Isle of Man. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 69, 373-385.
• Jasim, A.K.N., (1986). Some ecological aspects of Modiolus modiolus (L.) populations off the south-east of the Isle of Man. , Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool.
• Jones, L.A., Hiscock, K. & Connor, D.W., (2000). Marine habitat reviews. A summary of ecological requirements and sensitivity characteristics for the conservation and management of marine SACs. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. (UK Marine SACs Project report.)., http://www.english-nature.org.uk/uk-marine
• Julshamn, K. & Andersen, K-J., (1983). Subcellular distribution of major and minor elements in unexposed molluscs in western Norway-III. The distribution and binding of ..................in the kidney and the digestive system of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 75A, 17-20.
• Linkletter, L.E. 1977. A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68 p.
• Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp.
• Livingstone, D.R. & Pipe, R.K., (1992). Mussels and environmental contaminants: molecular and cellular aspects. In The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture, (ed. E.M. Gosling), pp. 425-464. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ. [Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, no. 25]
• MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.  
• Mackie, A.S.Y., Oliver, P.G. & Rees, E.I.S., (1995). Benthic biodiversity in the southern Irish Sea. Studies in Marine Biodiversity and Systematics from the National Museum of Wales. BIOMOR Reports, no. 1.
• Magorrian, B.H. & Service, M., (1998). Analysis of underwater visual data to identify the impact of physical disturbance on horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) beds. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 354-359.
• May, S.J. & Pearson, T.H., (1995). Effects of oil-industry operations on the macrobenthos of Sullom Voe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 103B, 69-97.
• Miller, Roberta. 2012. The museum collection database, Fisheries and Oceans Canada digital collections, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Quebec
• Miyazaki J-I, Martins LdO, Fujita Y, Matsumoto H, Fujiwara Y. 2010. Evolutionary Process of Deep-Sea Bathymodiolus Mussels. PLoS ONE 5(4): e10363. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010363
• Muller, Y. 2004. Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
• Muschenheim, D.K. & Milligan, T.G., (1998). Benthic boundary level processes and seston modification in the Bay of Fundy (Canada). Vie et milieu, Paris, 48, 285-294.
• Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
• Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) database, compiled by Ann Knowlton.
• Navarro, J.M. & Thompson, R.J., (1996). Physiological energetics of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus in a cold ocean environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 138, 135-148.
• Navarro, J.M. & Thompson, R.J., (1997). Biodeposition by the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus (Dillwyn) during the spring diatom bloom. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 209, 1-13.
• Nielsen, C., (1975). Observations on Buccinum undatum L. attacking bivalves and prey responses with a short review on attack methods of other prosobranchs. Ophelia, 13, 87-108.
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• Næs, K., Oug, E. & Knutzen, J., (1998). Source and species-dependant accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in littoral indicator organisms form Norwegian smelter-affected marine waters. Marine Environmental Research, 45, 193-207.
• Ojeda, F.P. & Dearborn, J.H., (1989). Community structure of macroinvertebrates inhabiting the rocky subtidal zone in the Gulf of Maine: seasonal and bathymetric distribution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 57, 147-161.
• Pierce, S.K., (1970). The water balance of Modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae): osmotic concentrations in changing salinities. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 36, 521-533.
• Richardson, C.A., Chensery, S.R.N. & Cook, J.M., (2001). Assessing the history of trace metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) contamination in the North Sea through laser ablation - ICP-MS of horse mussel Modiolus modiolus shells Marine Ecology Progress Series, 211, 157-167.
• Roberts, D., (1975). Sub-lethal effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons on bivalves. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 6, 20-24.
• Rowell, T.W., (1967). Some aspects of the ecology, growth and reproduction of the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus. , MSc Thesis. Queens' University, Ontario
• Sebens, K.P., (1985). Community ecology of vertical rock walls in the Gulf of Maine: small-scale processes and alternative community states. In The Ecology of Rocky Coasts: essays presented to J.R. Lewis, D.Sc., (ed. P.G. Moore & R. Seed), pp. 346-371. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.
• Seed, R. & Brown, R.A., (1975). The influence of reproductive cycle, growth, and mortality on population structure in Modiolus modiolus (l.), Cerastoderma edule (L.) and Mytilus edulis L. (Mollusca: Bivalvia). In Proceedings of the 9th European Marine Biology Symposium, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban, 2-8 October, 1974, (ed. H. Barnes), pp. 257-274.
• Seed, R. & Brown, R.A., (1977). A comparison of the reproductive cycles of Modiolus modiolus (L.), Cerastoderma (=Cardium) edule (L.), and Mytilus edulis L. in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Oecologia, 30, 173-188.
• Seed, R. & Brown, R.A., (1978). Growth as a strategy for survival in two marine bivalves, Cerastoderma edule and Modiolus modiolus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 47, 283-292.
• Seed, R., (1976). Ecology. In Marine mussels: their ecology and physiology, (ed. B.L. Bayne), pp. 81-120. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Service, M. & Magorrian, B.H., (1997). The extent and temporal variation of disturbance to epibenthic communities in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 77, 1151-1164.
• Service, M., (1998). Recovery of benthic communities in Strangford Lough following changes in fishing practice. ICES Council Meeting Paper, CM 1998/V.6, 13pp., Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).
• Shumway, S.E., (1977). Effect of salinity fluctuations on the osmotic pressure and Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ion concentrations in the hemolymph of bivalve molluscs. Marine Biology, 41, 153-177.
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• Syntype:
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