Overview

Comprehensive Description

Description

 Dendronotus frondosus is a large, up to 10 cm long, laterally compressed sea slug with variable colouring. It can be white or pink with mottled brown, red or yellow pigment. Along the back there are paired, branched processes called cerata that act as gills. In between the cerata there are smaller processes that are also branched. On the front edge of many sea slugs is a flap of tissue called the oral veil, which bears branched processes in Dendronotus frondosus. The antenna-like rhinophores are sheathed in tissue and these sheaths terminate in branched processes. Between the branches at the end of the rhinophore sheaths are the ends of the rhinophores themselves, which resemble ribbed pine cones in texture and shape.
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Description

This nudibranch is very variable in colour and has been suggested to be a complex of several species. Individuals may be white or mottled with yellow, red or brown pigment. There may be up to nine pairs of gills along the pallial rim. The gills, oral veil and rhinophore sheaths are extended to form branched processes. Adults may grow to 100mm in length. The arborescent gills, oral processes and rhinophoral sheaths distinguish this nudibranch from any other in the British Isles.
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Distribution

Geographic Range

D. frondosus can be found all around the British Isles. The species range extends southwards to the Atlantic coast as far south as France; eastwards to Canada and the United States as south as new Jersey, and the Pacific coast of Canada and United States as far south as Los Angeles; and northwards into the Arctic circle.

Biogeographic Regions: arctic ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Distribution

Arctic seas to New Jersey; Europe; Alaska to southern California; Japan
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Distribution

Atlantic, Bar Road, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, Birkenfels (shipwreck), Brandy Cove, British Isles, Canada, Cobscook Bay, European waters (ERMS scope), Grevelingen, Gulf of Maine, Irish Exclusive economic Zone, Lepreau, L'Etete, Lorneville Harbour, Mispec, North West Atlantic, Oosterschelde, Saguenay Fjord, St. Lawrence Estuary, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, USA, Wadden Sea, Wimereux
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Distribution

Dendronotus frondosus can be found all around the British Isles. The species range extends southwards to the Atlantic coast of France; eastwards to Canada, the United States, and the Pacific coast of Canada; and northwards into the Arctic circle.
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Physical Description

Morphology

Physical Description

This species of nudibranch is highly variable in colour and has been thought to be a collection of several species. They may have white or mottled coloring with yellow, red or brown pigment. There may be up to nine pairs of gills along the pallial rim, which is the mantle. They have gills, oral veil and rhinophore sheaths, antenna-like organs, that are extended to form branched processes. Adults of this species may grow to 100 mm in length. The key distinguishing characteristics of this species are the large arborescent gills arising from the mantle edge and the arborescent processes on the edge of the rhinophore sheaths. The head is blunt with six branched projections extending forward. A striking feature is the two rows of 5-8 bushy projections along the back. (Amos and Amos 1985)

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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat

D. frondosus are part of the bottom creepers that live in cold northern seas.

Aquatic Biomes: benthic

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Habitat

Known from rocky shores.
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Habitat

intertidal, bathyal, infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary
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Depth range based on 84 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 22 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): -2.2 - 168
  Temperature range (°C): 3.587 - 12.863
  Nitrate (umol/L): 1.242 - 11.666
  Salinity (PPS): 27.165 - 35.504
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.518 - 7.160
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.097 - 0.993
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.387 - 8.110

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): -2.2 - 168

Temperature range (°C): 3.587 - 12.863

Nitrate (umol/L): 1.242 - 11.666

Salinity (PPS): 27.165 - 35.504

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.518 - 7.160

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.097 - 0.993

Silicate (umol/l): 2.387 - 8.110
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat

 Adult Dendronotus frondosus are found in the shallow sublittoral on the hydroids Tubularia larynx and Tubularia indivisa. Juveniles can be found on the hydroids Obelia sp., Sertularia sp., Halecium sp., and Hydrallmania falcata
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Habitat

Dendronotus frondosus feeds on a variety of hydroids. Juveniles usually feed on Obelia, Halecium and Sertularia, whilst the adults are commonly found on Tubularia. It is possible that not all individuals are the one species as some spawn at a small size.
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Trophic Strategy

Food Habits

D. frondosus feeds on a variety of hydroids. The younger juvenille members of the species typically feed on calyptoblastic hydroids of Obelia, Halecium and Sertularia cupressina & Dynamena pumila . The adults usually feed on the gymnoblastic hydroids of the genus Tubularia.

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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

Reproduction

Dendronotus frondosus is hermaphroditic. The larval stage of the development is asymmetrical, although the adults show bilateral symmetry.

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Dendronotus frondosus

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. 

 
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank.   Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.  See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen.  Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
 
GBMLG0420-06|AJ223261|Dendronotus frondosus| ------------------------------------------------------ATAGGAATGTGATGTGGCCTAGTAGGTACTGGATTA---AGTTTGCTAATTCGTTTTGAATTGGGAACTGCTGGTGCTTTATTAGGTGAC---GATCACTTGTATAACGTAATTGTTACTGCCCATGCTTTTGTTATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATGCCTCTGATAATTGGTGGGTTCGGTAACTGGATGGTTCCTCTTTTA---ATTGGGGCTCCAGATATGAGTTTTCCTCGTATAAATAATATGAGATTTTGGTTACTTCCCCCCTCTTTCATTCTTTTAATGTCTAGAACATTAATAGAAGGCGGAGCTGGGACGGGATGAACTGTTTATCCACCCCTTTCCGGTGCTATTGGACATGGGGGTTGTTCTGTGGATTTA---GCTATTTTTTCTTTACATCTAGCAGGTATGTCCTCTCTTCTTGGTGCAATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTTTTAATATGCGGTCTCCAGCGATGACTTTAGATCGACTTAGGTTATTTGTCTGGTCTGTTCTTGTCACTGCTTTTTTGTTGCTACTTTCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCTGGG---GCTATTACTATGCTGCTTACAGATCGGAATTTCAACACTAGGTTTTTTGAT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
-- end --

Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Dendronotus frondosus

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Species: 19
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

Conservation Status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

There are no known negative effects of this soecies to humans.

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Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

There are no known positive benefits of this species to humans.

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Wikipedia

Dendronotus frondosus

Dendronotus frondosus is a species of dendronotid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Dendronotidae.[3]

References

  1. ^ (Norwegian) Ascanius P. (1774). "Beskrivelse over en Norske Sneppe og et Södyr". Det Kongelige Norkse Videnskabers Selskab Skrifter 5: 153-158, pl. 5. Dendronotus frondosus is at 155-158, pl. 5, fig. 2.
  2. ^ "Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774)". Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. accessed 17 February 2010.
  3. ^ Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997. 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
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