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The Orange-Striped Green Sea Anemone Species Name(s) and History: Sagartia lineata (Verill, 1869 Hong Kong), Diadumene lineata (Verill 1870); Diaumene luciae (Stephenson, 1925); Haliplanella luciae (Hand, 1955); Properly named D. lineata (Hand 1989)

Description

This is a smaller species, measuring approximately 3.5 centimeters in diameter across its tentacles and 3 centimeters in height. Its central column is green-gray to brown color and smooth. The column, which houses the gastro vascular central cavity extends from the mouth to the attached base called the pedal disc. It does not always have vertical stripes, which can be orange or white. There are 50 to 100 slender and tapered tentacles which are able to retract completely into the column. They are commonly transparent and can be gray or light green with white flecks (Christine 2001). Many morphs occur for this species. In a single population there may be one or several functioning variations of the species description (Omori, 1895; Uchida, 1932; Hand, 1955b; Williams, 1973b). Population studies exhibiting morphs of several different communities were done along with personal communication from the following individuals (Parker 1919, Allee 1923, Stephenson 1935). An un-striped population was found by D.F. Dunn in San Francisco Bay, California. Two morphs were found, one with twelve orange stripes on a green-brown column and one with 48 paired white stripes on a green column. These population studies were done in Indian Field Creek, Virginia and Barnstable Town Dock, Massachusetts by C.P. Mangum.

Origin

Pacific Coast of Asia

Distribution

Northern Hemisphere – Japan (Fukui), the Gulf of Mexico (Verrill), Plymouth and Wells, Norfolk, England (R.B. Williams), Western Europe (S. Gollasch), the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, Malaysia (D. F. Dunn, California Academy of Sciences), and North America – the East Coast from Maine to Florida (D. Bumann, Woods Hole 1995, L. L. Minasian, Myers 1977, Stephenson 1935, Sassaman and Mangum 1970, Shick, J. H. Ting 1983, Uchida 1932, G. M. Watson, W. E. Zamer 1999). Also found in Hawaii (Bishop Museum, University of Hawaii 2001) and other sites of the Pacific Ocean. Recently it has appeared in Argentina and other localities of South America (Molina et al. 2009).

Dispersal

Distribution away from Asia may have occurred by attachment to ship bottoms, oyster shipments, and seaweed.

Invasiveness

These anemones target to ecosystems that are barren landscapes or with low species diversity. Appearing suddenly, populations quickly proliferate and colonize zones and alter natural balances. Within short durations, they are known to vanish from the area quickly with no warning (Stephenson 1953).

Eurytolerance

Diadumene anemones display high tolerance to inter-tidal exposure and drying out in extreme summer heat. They form encystments when locked in freezing climates. They acclimatize to severely low salinities. In Blue Hill Flls, Maine (Shick 1976) 100 percent survival of a population of 4000 individuals was observed after two weeks of temperatures of 1.0°- 27.5°C, and salinities of 0.5 - 35‰.

Genetic character

Physiological Races (sensu Stauber 1950), which are eurytolerant (tolerant of extreme environments) diverse species, that exhibit different resistances in remote and secluded places. This species demonstrates strong genetic selection of certain physiological strains (Prosser 1957).

Reproduction

While the sea anemone can reproduce sexually and asexually, it reproduces mainly by sexual methods. With external fertilization, gametes or eggs are ejected in to the open sea where zygotes develop into planular or free swimming larvae, which finally settle to the polyp stage. Populations that are situated close to the origin show sexual reproductive methods, while dispersal populations exhibit cloning behavior by asexual colonization. However, the anemone is able to produce asexually, through including longitudinal fission. The asexual process is where a new polyp develops from a portion of the original polyp after pulling away (anemone splits in half). Native populations and possibly well adapted populations may reproduce sexually.

Catch/feeding tentacles

Anemones, like all cnidarians, have nematocysts, which are stinging organelles used for defense and catching prey. Studies of nematocyst development on tentacle tips of this and several species reveals several different stages of tentacle morphology (Watson and Mariscal, Florida State University 1983). Comparisons to hydrozoans in terms of growth stages or bulb pulses of tentacle development are explained by growth of individual tentacles by widening or an increasing length of the column (Campbell 1980). The nematocysts are found on both catch tentacles and feeding tentacles. The catch tentacles used for aggression and capturing of prey have larger length and width than feeding tentacles, which aid in the capture of food. Feeding tentacles are displaced by catch tentacles during growth cycles, and migrate towards the central column. This is commonly found in aggressive sea anemones who share food sources (Watson 1983). During aggressive interactions, individual catch tentacles will strike a non-clone-mate in the upper column or tentacles. They break when withdrawn, separating the nematocyst—containing tip from the remaining tentacle. This can have life-threatening consequences, such as necrosis (cellular death) for the struck organism.

Gallery

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  A small specimen

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  A fluorescent anemone

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  More Fluorescence

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  A tentacle's contents

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  close-up of a tentacle

References

• BUMANN, D. 1995. Localization of Digestion Activities in the Sea Anemone Haliplanella lucia. Biological Bulletin. 189: 236-237.
• CHRISTINE D. 2001. Diadumene lineata. SeaLifeBase, Vancouver, BC. http://www.sealifebase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=89374&genusname=Diadumene&speciesname=lineata.
• DEFELICE, R. C., ELDREDGE, L. G., AND J. T. CARLTON. 2001. Nonindigenous Marine Invertebrates [Anemone Diadumene lineata (Verrill, 1869)]. Pages B19-B20 in L. G. Eldredge and C. M. Smith, Eds.. A Guidebook of Introduced Marine Species in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Technical Report 21, University of Hawaii. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/invertguide/species_pdf/guide.pdf.
• GOLLASCH, S., AND K. RIEMANN-ZÜRNECK. 1996. Transoceanic Dispersal of Benthic Macrofauna: Haliplanella luciae (Verrill, 1898) (Anthozoa, Actiniaria) Found on a Ship’s Hull in a Shipyard Dock in Hamburg Harbour, Germany. Helgoländer Meeresunters. 50: 253-258.
• MASTERSON, J. 2007. Haliplanella lineata. Smithsonian Station at Fort Pierce. http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLspec/Haliplanella_lineata.htm.
• MOLINA, L. M., M. S. VALIÑAS, P. D. PRATOLONGO, R. ELIAS, AND G. M. E. PERILLO. 2009. First Record of the Sea Anemone Diadumene lineata (Verrill 1871) Associated to Spartina alterniflora Roots and Stems, in Marshes at the Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina. Biological Invasions. 11: 409-416.
• SALEM SOUND COASTWATCH. 2009. Guide to Marine Invaders in the Gulf of Maine: Diadumene Lineata. Salem, Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/czm/invasives/docs/invaders/d_lineata.pdf. Accessed 18 September 2009.
• SHICK, M., AND A. L. LAMB. 1977. Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Population Structure in the Colonizing Sea Anemone Haliplanella luciae. Biological Bulletin. 153: 604-617.
• WATSON, G. M., AND R. N. MARISCA. 1983. The Development of a Sea Anemone Tentacle Specialized for Aggression: Morphogenesis and Regression of the Catch Tentacle of Haliplanella luciae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Biological Bulletin. 164:506-517.