The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
• Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
• Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
• Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
• Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacific N.W. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
• Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns and Fern Allies of the United States and Canada. 389 pp.
• Taylor, T. M. C. 1970. Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies. 247 pp.
• Type fragment: Hopkins, L. S. 1913. Amer. Fern J. 3: 116.
• Welsh, S. L. 1974. Anderson's Fl. Alaska Adj. Parts Canada i–xvi, 1–724. Brigham Young University Press, Provo.