Overview
Brief Summary
(Wikipedia 2012; Wikipedia 2011)
- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 January 2012. “Fire ant”. Retrieved January 5, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_ant&oldid=468851563
- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 24 December 2011. “Red imported fire ant”. Retrieved January 5, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_imported_fire_ant&oldid=467459536
Supplier: Dana Campbell
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Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
A large and difficult genus of mostly hypogaeic ants; usually with very small, pale workers and much larger and dark-colored females and males.
The workers are usually monomorphic but in a few species, such as punctaticeps Mayr , saevissima (Smith) and geminata (Fabricius) , distinctly polymorphic. Antennae 10-jointed, first funicular joint large, club large, distinctly 2-jointed, the last joint very long. Mandibles narrow, with few (usually 4) teeth. Clypeus raised in the middle and projecting anteriorly, with two diverging ridges, or carinae, each in all but a few species terminating anteriorly in a strong tooth flanked by a smaller tooth on the side. Frontal carinae short, somewhat diverging behind. Eyes small, often minute or vestigial; ocelli very rarely present. Promesonotal suture indistinct, mesoepinotal suture well developed. Thorax more or less impressed at the latter. Epinotum always unarmed. Petiole with short peduncle and high, rounded node; postpetiole rounded, much lower than the petiolar node.
The female has 11-jointed (rarely 10-jointed) antennae and moderately large eyes and ocelli. Fore wings with one cubital and one discoidal cell; radial cell open.
The male is somewhat smaller than the female, with 12-jointed antennae. Scape very short, first funicular joint globular. Eyes and ocelli very large and prominent. Mesonotum without Mayrian furrows. Postpetiole campanulate; first gastric segment large; legs slender.
The genus Solenopsis is cosmopolitan, but represented by the greatest number of species in the Neotropical Region. There are a few forms even in Australia. The species with small, nearly blind, yellow workers, like S. fugax (Latreille) of Eurasia and S. molesta (Say) of North America, are hypogaeic and usually live in the nests of other ants and termites, feeding on their brood (cleptobiosis). Some species, however, ( punctaticeps , saevissima , geminata , gayi, etc.) live in large independent colonies. S. saevissima and geminata , the well-known "fire-ants" of the tropics, sting very severely. They have well-developed eyes and lead an epigaeic life, not only feeding on insects and other animal food but also harvesting seeds or destroying the tender shoots or fruits of plants.
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Taxonomy. The genus Solenopsis is assigned to the Solenopsis genus group of the tribe Solenopsidini by Bolton (1987). Workers of Vietnamese species have the following features.
Worker monomorphic or polymorphic (worker of the introduced S. geminata polymorphic); head in full-face view subrectangular; frontal carina and antennal scrobe absent; median portion of clypeus expanded anteriad, usually defined laterally by clypeal carinae which form clypeal teeth; median clypeal seta present (sometimes absent in major of S. geminata); posteromedian portion of clypeus moderately or narrowly inserted between frontal lobes; mandible usually narrow and subtriangular, with apical tooth followed by 2 distinct teeth and then one or more small or inconspicuous denticles on masticatory margin (major of S. geminata with massive mandible lacking teeth on masticatory margin); antenna 9- or 10-segmented, with 2-segmented club; apical antennal segment much longer than preapical segment; eye moderately developed, reduced or absent; promesonotum in lateral view usually weakly or strongly domed; promesonotal suture absent or weak dorsally; metanotal groove conspicuous dorsally, usually a deeply impressed groove on dorsum; propodeum unarmed; propodeal lobe roundly expanded, or reduced to a carina; petiole pedunculate with distinct node; gastral shoulder inconspicuous to well developed; sting well developed.
Solenopsis sp. eg-3 (Vietnam), sp. eg-4 (W. Malaysia) and sp. eg-5 (Vietnam and Thailand) show characteristics seen in the minor worker of the Carebara lignata species complex sensu Fernández (2004): antenna 9-segmented, with 2-segmented club; eye completely absent; median portion of clypeus in profile roundly and strongly swollen; clypeal carina evanescent or absent; clypeal teeth completely absent; promesonotum in profile rather flat dorsally. However, Solenopsis sp. eg-3, sp. eg-4 and sp. eg-5 have a median clypeal seta which is distinguishable from the background hairs on the anterior clypeal margin.
The worker of Solenopsis is similar to the minor worker of Oligomyrmex , and the worker of Parvimyrma and Monomorium (for distinguishing characters see under the relevant genera).
Vietnamese species. Four species are known from Vietnam: geminata (Fabricius) (Ha Noi, Nam Cat Tien, Nui Chua, Phu Quoc), sp. eg-2 [= sp. 12 of SKY: Eguchi et al., 2005] (Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu, Cuc Phuong, Nam CatTien , Pu Mat), sp. eg-3 [= sp. 3 of SKY: Eguchi et al., 2005] (Cuc Phuong, Tay Yen Tu), sp. eg-5 (Binh Chau - Phuoc Buu, Nam Cat Tien, Phu Quoc).
Bionomics. Solenopsis sp. eg-2 and sp. eg-3 are found in the soil or under stones. Their reduced or absent eyes and pale body color suggest that they are subterranean nesters and foragers or even lestobiotic in the nest of other ants or termites. Solenopsis geminata is an introduced species from the Neotropics. Commerce has accidentally introduced the species to urban and rural areas and other open habitats (including agricultural fields) in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, Oceania and Africa. The species is omnivorous and nests in the soil often beneath objects such as stones, concrete blocks, etc. This is one of the notorious pest ants in Asia (named the tropical fire ant) because well-developed colonies include a huge number of aggressive workers armed with a powerful sting. Detailed bionomics of S. geminata and other fire ants are provided by Taber (2000).
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E1 [endemic to California], E2 [endemic to California floristic province (Hickman, 1993)]
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Two groups of Solenopsis occur in California. “Fire ants” are relatively large, grounddwelling species, with generalized foraging habits, aggressive workers and a painful sting. They include the widespread native species, S. xyloni McCook , and the recently introduced S. invicta Buren (red imported fire ant). “Thief ants” are small to minute species, previously placed in the subgenus Diplorhoptrum . These ants are predominantly subterranean, and difficult to identify.
Species identification: keys in Trager (1991) (fire ants), Wheeler and Wheeler (1986g) and Mackay and Mackay (2002). Additional references: Buren (1972), Creighton (1930b), Gorman et al. (1998), Jones et al. (1982a), Knight and Rust (1990), Korzukhin et al. (2001), Morrison (2002), Porter and Savignano (1990), Ross and Trager (1991), Taber (2000), Thompson (1989).
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Solenopsis , Westw. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 86 (1841).
Head very large, subquadrate, emarginate posteriorly, divided above by a longitudinal central impressed line; eyes small, lateral, placed before the middle. Antennae 10-jointed, short and rather slender, inserted forwards on the head in two deep foveae; the club consisting of two joints. Mandibles very stout, curved, their apex oblique, not toothed. The labial, and also the max- illary palpi, 2-jointed. Thorax much narrower than the head. Abdomen with two nodes at the base, the first compressed, its margin rounded and entire; the second node subglobose; the abdomen ovate, with the base truncate.
The male and female not known.
The characters of this genus are nearly those of the genus Oecophthora with the exception of the number of joints of the antennae, which is 10: in Oecophthora they are 12; in both genera the mandibles are without teeth in the large-headed indi- viduals (soldiers). The club of the flagellum is only 2-jointed in the present genus: in Oecophthora it has 3 joints.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Barcode
Locations of barcode samples
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Locations of barcode samples
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Statistics of barcoding coverage
| Specimen Records: | 1 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 0 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 0 |
| Public Records: | 0 |
| Species: | 1 |
| Species With Barcodes: | 0 |
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Statistics of barcoding coverage
| Specimen Records: | 1,129 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 974 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 931 |
| Public Records: | 183 |
| Species: | 76 |
| Species With Barcodes: | 63 |
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Barcode data
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Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS018
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS017
Public Records: 0
Species: 17
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS035
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS009
Public Records: 0
Species: 25
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS034
Public Records: 0
Species: 13
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS033
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS004
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS003
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS002
Public Records: 0
Species: 23
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS032
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS001
Public Records: 0
Species: 9
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS031
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS013
Public Records: 0
Species: 25
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS014
Public Records: 0
Species: 16
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS029
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS028
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS005
Public Records: 0
Species: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS027
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS010
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS025
Public Records: 0
Species: 9
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS024
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS012
Public Records: 0
Species: 16
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS023
Public Records: 0
Species: 16
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS008
Public Records: 0
Species: 43
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS007
Public Records: 0
Species: 20
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS006
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS022
Public Records: 0
Species: 12
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS021
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS016
Public Records: 0
Species: 7
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MAS020
Public Records: 0
Species: 17
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis ANTCNP_sp2
Public Records: 0
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis ANTCNP_sp1
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis ANTCNP_sp3
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis LASH-6
Public Records: 0
Species: 7
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis LASH-4
Public Records: 0
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis JTsp1
Public Records: 0
Species: 12
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis JTL014
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis Sol d
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis Sol a
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis NZsp1
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis JTL031
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis AFRC-MPU-01
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis AFRC-MPU-02
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis AFRC-GAU-01
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis 004
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis molesta_cf
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis JTL009
Public Records: 0
Species: 25
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis molesta_dark_form
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Barcode data: Solenopsis MU01
There are 12 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Solenopsis MU01
Public Records: 12
Species: 12
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Wikipedia
Fire ant
Fire ants are a variety of stinging ants with over 285 species worldwide. They have several common names, including ginger ants, tropical fire ants and red ants.
Contents |
Appearance
The bodies of fire ants, like all insects' bodies, are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, with three pairs of legs and a pair of antennae. Fire ants can be distinguished from other ants by their copper brown head and body with a darker abdomen. The worker ants are blackish to reddish, and their size varies from 2 mm to 6 mm (0.12 in to 0.24 in). These different sizes of the ants can all exist in the same nest.
Solenopsis spp. ants can be identified with three body features—a pedicel with two nodes, an unarmed propodeum, and antennae with 10 segments and a two-segmented club.
Many ants bite, and can cause irritation by injecting formic acid; stinging ants have a dedicated venom-injecting sting as well as mandibles.
Behavior
A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds mostly on young plants, seeds, and sometimes crickets. Fire ants often attack small animals and can kill them. Unlike many other ants, which bite and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire—hence the name fire ant—and the after effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive individuals. The venom is both insecticidal and antibiotic.
Fire ants nest in the soil, often near moist areas, such as river banks, pond shores, watered lawns and highway shoulder. Usually, the nest will not be visible, as it will be built under objects such as timber, logs, rocks, or bricks. If there is no cover for nesting, dome-shaped mounds will be constructed, but these are usually only found in open spaces, such as fields, parks and lawns. These mounds can reach heights of 40 cm (15.7 in), and can also be as deep as a metre and a half (five feet).[1] Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens. Even if only one queen survives, within a month or so, the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygynous (having multiple queens per nest).[1]
Roles
Queen
A queen is generally the largest individual in the colony. Her primary function is reproduction; she may live for 6 to 7 years and can produce up to 3,500 eggs in a single day.
Males (drones)
Males mate with the queen for the sole purpose of producing offspring. Their lifespan is approximately 4 to 5 days.
Workers
The workers are sterile females which build and repair the nest, care for the young, defend the nest, and feed both young and adult ants. The worker ants also search for, and collect supplies in order to build up the colony. They typically have a life span of 1 month.
Invasive species
Although most fire ant species do not bother people and are not invasive due to biological factors, Solenopsis invicta, known in the United States as the red imported fire ant (or RIFA) is an invasive pest in many areas of the world, notably the United States, Australia, the Philippines, China and Taiwan. The RIFA was accidentally introduced into the United States aboard a South American cargo ship that docked at the port of Mobile, Alabama, in the 1930s, and came to infest the majority of the Southern and Southwestern United States.[2]
In the US the FDA estimates more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Furthermore, the ants cause approximately $750 million in damage annually to agricultural assets, including veterinarian bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss.[3] Over 40 million people live in RIFA-infested areas in the southeastern United States.[4] Between 30 and 60% of the people living in fire ant-infested areas are stung each year.[5] Since September 2004 Taiwan has been seriously affected by the red fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing national programs to control or eradicate the species, but, other than Australia, none have been especially effective. In Australia, an intensive program costing A$175 million had by February 2007 eradicated 99% of fire ants from the sole infestation occurring in south-east Queensland.
In just seventy years, according to a study published in 2009, lizards in parts of the United States had developed longer legs and new behaviors to escape the ants, which can kill the lizard in under a minute.[6]
Symptoms and treatment
The venom of fire ants is composed of alkaloids such as piperidine (see Solenopsis saevissima). The sting swells into a bump, which can cause much pain and irritation at times, especially when caused by several stings in the same place. The bump often forms into a white pustule, which can become infected if scratched, but if left alone will usually flatten within a few days. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while active and, if they become infected, can cause scarring. Some people are allergic to the venom, and as with many allergies, may experience anaphylaxis, which requires emergency treatment.[7] An antihistamine or topical corticosteroids may help reduce the itching[citation needed]. First aid for fire ant bites includes external treatments and oral medicines.
- External treatments: a topical steroid cream (hydrocortisone), or one containing aloe vera[8]
- Oral medicines: antihistamines
Severe allergic reactions to fire ant stings, including severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, and slurred speech,[9] can be fatal if not treated.
Predators
Phorid flies, or Phoridae, are a family of small, hump-backed flies resembling fruit flies; two species in this family (Pseudacteon tricuspis and Pseudacteon curvatus) are parasitoids of the red imported fire ant in its native range in South America. Some 110 species of the genus Pseudacteon, or ant-decapitating flies, have been described. Members of Pseudacteon reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrates to the head, then develops by feeding on the hemolymph, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. After about two weeks, they cause the ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the ant's head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging two weeks later.[10]
Pseudacteon flies have been widely introduced throughout the southern United States, starting with Travis, Brazos, and Dallas counties in Texas, as well as Mobile, Alabama, where the ants first entered North America.
The Venus Flytrap, a carnivorous plant, is native to the North and South Carolina of the United States. The diet of the Venus Flytrap includes 33% ants, of any species. They lure their prey to their trap by using a sweet sap. Once the prey has fallen into the trap and touched three "hairs" within 30 seconds, the leaf closes around the prey and digests it.
Species
This species list is complete.
- Solenopsis abdita Thompson, 1989
- Solenopsis africana Santschi, 1914
- Solenopsis albidula Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis alecto Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis altinodis Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis amblychila Wheeler, 1915
- Solenopsis andina Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis angulata Emery, 1894
- Solenopsis atlantis Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis aurea Wheeler, 1906
- Solenopsis avia (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis azteca Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis balachowskyi Bernard, 1959
- Solenopsis banyulensis Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis basalis Forel, 1896
- Solenopsis belisarius Forel, 1907
- Solenopsis blanda (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis brasiliana Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis brazoensis (Buckley, 1867)
- Solenopsis brevicornis Emery, 1888
- Solenopsis brevipes Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis bruchiella Emery, 1922
- Solenopsis bruesi Creighton, 1930
- Solenopsis bucki Kempf, 1973
- Solenopsis canariensis Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis capensis Mayr, 1866
- Solenopsis carolinensis Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis castor Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis celata (Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985)
- Solenopsis clarki Crawley, 1922
- Solenopsis clytemnestra Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis conjurata Wheeler, 1925
- Solenopsis cooperi Donisthorpe, 1947
- Solenopsis corticalis Forel, 1881
- Solenopsis crivellarii Menozzi, 1936
- Solenopsis daguerrei (Santschi, 1930)
- Solenopsis dalli (Kusnezov, 1969)
- Solenopsis decipiens Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis delta (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis deserticola Ruzsky, 1905
- Solenopsis duboscqui Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis dysderces Snelling, 1975
- Solenopsis egregia (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis electra Forel, 1914
- Solenopsis emeryi Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis eximia (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis fairchildi Wheeler, 1926
- Solenopsis foersteri Theobald, 1937
- Solenopsis franki Forel, 1908
- Solenopsis froggatti Forel, 1913
- Solenopsis fugax (Latreille, 1798)
- Solenopsis fusciventris Clark, 1934
- Solenopsis gallardoi Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis gallica Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis gayi (Spinola, 1851)
- Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)
- Solenopsis georgica Menozzi, 1942
- Solenopsis germaini Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis globularia (Smith, 1858)
- Solenopsis gnomula Emery, 1915
- Solenopsis goeldii Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis granivora Kusnezov, 1957
- Solenopsis hammari Mayr, 1903
- Solenopsis hayemi Forel, 1908
- Solenopsis helena Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis hostilis (Borgmeier, 1959)
- Solenopsis iheringi Forel, 1908
- Solenopsis ilinei Santschi, 1936
- Solenopsis indagatrix Wheeler, 1928
- Solenopsis insculpta Clark, 1938
- Solenopsis insinuans Santschi, 1933
- Solenopsis insularis (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis interrupta Santschi, 1916
- Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972
- Solenopsis jacoti Wheeler, 1923
- Solenopsis jalalabadica Pisarski, 1970
- Solenopsis japonica Wheeler, 1928
- Solenopsis joergenseni Santschi, 1919
- Solenopsis juliae (Arakelian, 1991)
- Solenopsis kabylica Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis knuti Pisarski, 1967
- Solenopsis krockowi Wheeler, 1908
- Solenopsis laeviceps Mayr, 1870
- Solenopsis laevithorax Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis latastei Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis latro Forel, 1894
- Solenopsis leptanilloides Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis longiceps Forel, 1907
- Solenopsis loretana Santschi, 1936
- Solenopsis lotophaga Santschi, 1911
- Solenopsis lou Forel, 1902
- Solenopsis lusitanica Emery, 1915
- Solenopsis macdonaghi Santschi, 1916
- Solenopsis macrops Santschi, 1917
- Solenopsis madara Roger, 1863
- Solenopsis major Theobald, 1937
- Solenopsis maligna Santschi, 1910
- Solenopsis mameti Donisthorpe, 1946
- Solenopsis marxi Forel, 1915
- Solenopsis maxillosa Emery, 1900
- Solenopsis maxima (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis megera Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis megergates Trager, 1991
- Solenopsis metanotalis Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis metatarsalis (Kusnezov, 1957)
- Solenopsis mikeyroxis
- Solenopsis minutissima Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis moesta (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis molesta (Say, 1836)
- Solenopsis monticola Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis mozabensis (Bernard, 1977)
- Solenopsis nicaeensis Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis nickersoni Thompson, 1982
- Solenopsis nigella Emery, 1888
- Solenopsis nitens Bingham, 1903
- Solenopsis nitidum (Dlussky & Radchenko, 1994)
- Solenopsis normandi Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis novemmaculata Wheeler, 1925
- Solenopsis occipitalis Santschi, 1911
- Solenopsis oculata Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis oraniensis Forel, 1894
- Solenopsis orbula Emery, 1875
- Solenopsis orbuloides Andre, 1890
- Solenopsis overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
- Solenopsis pachycera (Forel, 1915)
- Solenopsis papuana Emery, 1900
- Solenopsis parabiotica Weber, 1943
- Solenopsis parva Mayr, 1868
- Solenopsis patagonica Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis pawaensis Mann, 1919
- Solenopsis pergandei Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis photophila Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis picea Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis picquarti Forel, 1899
- Solenopsis picta Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis pilosa (Bernard, 1978)
- Solenopsis pilosula Wheeler, 1908
- Solenopsis pollux Forel, 1893
- Solenopsis privata (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis provincialis Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis punctaticeps Mayr, 1865
- Solenopsis puncticeps MacKay & Vinson, 1989
- Solenopsis pusillignis Trager, 1991
- Solenopsis pygmaea Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis pythia Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis quinquecuspis Forel, 1913
- Solenopsis reichenspergeri Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis richardi Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909
- Solenopsis robusta Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis rugiceps Mayr, 1870
- Solenopsis rugosa Bernard, 1950
- Solenopsis sabeana (Buckley, 1867)
- Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855)
- Solenopsis salina Wheeler, 1908
- Solenopsis santschii Forel, 1905
- Solenopsis schilleri Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis schmalzi Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis scipio Santschi, 1911
- Solenopsis sea (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis seychellensis Forel, 1909
- Solenopsis silvestrii Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis solenopsidis (Kusnezov, 1953)
- Solenopsis soochowensis Wheeler, 1921
- Solenopsis spei Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis stricta Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis substituta Santschi, 1925
- Solenopsis subterranea MacKay & Vinson, 1989
- Solenopsis subtilis Emery, 1896
- Solenopsis succinea Emery, 1890
- Solenopsis sulfurea (Roger, 1862)
- Solenopsis superba (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis targuia Bernard, 1953
- Solenopsis tennesseensis Smith, 1951
- Solenopsis tenuis Mayr, 1878
- Solenopsis terricola Menozzi, 1931
- Solenopsis tertialis Ettershank, 1966
- Solenopsis tetracantha Emery, 1906
- Solenopsis texana Emery, 1895
- Solenopsis tipuna Forel, 1912
- Solenopsis tonsa Thompson, 1989
- Solenopsis tridens Forel, 1911
- Solenopsis trihasta Santschi, 1923
- Solenopsis truncorum Forel, 1901
- Solenopsis ugandensis Santschi, 1933
- Solenopsis valida (Foerster, 1891)
- Solenopsis virulens (Smith, 1858)
- Solenopsis vorax Santschi, 1934
- Solenopsis wagneri Santschi, 1916
- Solenopsis wasmannii Emery, 1894
- Solenopsis weiseri Forel, 1914
- Solenopsis westwoodi Forel, 1894
- Solenopsis weyrauchi Trager, 1991
- Solenopsis wolfi Emery, 1915
- Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1879
- Solenopsis zambesiae Arnold, 1926
- Solenopsis zeteki Wheeler, 1942
See also
Footnotes
- ^ "Colonies in Florida dissected and observed with greater than five queens". Bioone.org. 1970-01-01. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0015-4040&volume=086&issue=03&page=0381. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ "Imported Fire Ants". University of Minnesota.
- ^ McDonald, Maggie (February 2006). "Reds Under Your Feet (interview with Robert Vander Meer)". New Scientist 189 (2538): 50. http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/mg18925381.700-interview-extinguishing-red-fire-ants.html.
- ^ "Anaphylaxis due to Red Imported Fire Ant sting". The Medical Journal of Australia 2002.
- ^ "Public health significance of Urban Pests". World Health Organization Technical Report.Pharaoh ants and fire ants.p.175-208. June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Lizards' Dance Avoids Deadly Ants". LiveScience. January 26, 2009.
- ^ deShazo RD, Butcher BT, Banks WA (1990). "Reactions to the stings of the imported fire ant". N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (7): 462–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199008163230707. PMID 2197555.
- ^ Bastiaan M. Drees (2002-12). "Medical Problems And Treatment Considerations For The Red Imported Fire Ant". Texas A&M University. p. 4. http://fireant.tamu.edu/materials/factsheets_pubs/pdf/FAPFS023_2002rev_Medical.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "Insects and Scorpions". The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2008-10-22. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/insects/. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
- ^ Rachel Ehrenberg. "Ant Venom Attracts Decapitating Flies", Science News, September 20, 2009
References
- Bert Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson (1990). The Ants. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 3-540-52092-9.
- Walter R. Tschinkel (2006). The Fire Ants. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02207-6.
- (PDF) Areawide suppression of Fire Ants using baits and Biological Control. USDA. 2003. http://www.ars.usda.gov/fireant/publications/brochure_2003.pdf. Retrieved 2006-10-25. Details use of Phorid flies
- ITIS: Solenopsis species list (2001)
- Treatment of Fire Ant Bites
- Medical Treatment of Fire Ant Bites
Source:
Wikipedia
Unreviewed
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