Physical Description
Diagnostic Description
(Fig. 9)
Males winged. Antennal scrobe absent. Mandibles reduced in size. If triangular in form (one species) then the masticatory margins do not completely overlap each other even when fully closed. Basal cavity of mandible extends to its front face. Basal cavity visible in full-face view in species with reduced mandibles, but invisible in species with triangular mandible. Notauli not impressed on mesoscutum in large species but clearly impressed in several medium or small species. Mesepimeron bearing distinct (epimeral) lobe posterodorsally, lobe covering mesothoracic spiracle and forming a seemingly isolated plate. Dorsolateral corner of petiole in anterior view without distinct projection, usually evenly rounded. Apical margin of abdominal tergum VIII projecting strongly into sharp spine in most cases, though spine lacking in several small species. Jugal lobe of hind wing present in most but not all species. Each middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Claws simple or with one or two preapical teeth, but never multidentate or pectinate.
Remarks. This genus (sensu Bolton 1995) is now considered to be paraphyletic (P. S. Ward unpublished). In the region, the males are divided into four distinct groups (Table 1). We keep these groups separate to facilitate naming them once a new generic classification for Pachycondyla is developed based on molecular work.
Each is characterized by a combination of characters in the notauli, the terminal spine on abdominal tergum VIII, and the jugal lobe (Table 1). Section 01 consists of large, blackish-colored males (Figs. 9a-e), section 02 of small, yellowish-colored males (Figs. 9f-i), section 03 includes males having somewhat developed mandibles, and section 04 consists of reddish-colored males having a clypeus as long as males in Leptogenys . Several sections are similar to other genera; characters distinguishing Pachycondyla from those genera are given under the respective genera.
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[[ worker ]] Der Kopf ohne Oberkiefer viereckig, diese sind lang dreieckig mit saegezaehnigem Kaurande, vom Rande des Mandibelgelenkes zieht bei manchen Arten eine Kante zum Auge. Der Clypeus ist in der Mitte gewoelbt, vor den Fuehlergelenken bogenfoermig ausgeschnitten, zwischen den Stirnleisten verschmaelert sich der Clypeus stark zwischen den Fuehlern zu einem schmalen Kiele und erweitert sich zuletzt abgerundet lanzettlich vor dem hintern Ende der Stirnleisten. Die Fuehler zwoelfgliedrig, das erste Geisselglied ist kuerzer als das zweite. Die Augen liegen meist vor, selten in der Mitte am Seitenrande des Kopfes. Die Ocellen fehlen. Der Thorax ist unbewehrt, oben von vorne nach hinten gerade oder schwach gekruemmt, nicht oder sehr wenig eingeschnuert. Das Pronotum ist oben ziemlich abgeflacht und hat seitlich eine scharfe oder stumpfe Kante. Das Mesonotum ist halb oder mehr als halb so lang als das Pronotum. Schuppe knotenfoermig oder mehr oder weniger wuerfelig, stark wechselnd in der Form, stets ungezaehnt. Der Hinterleib ist zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Segmente massig oder kaum merklich eingeschnuert. Die Krallen der Tarsen sind einfach.
[[ queen ]] Dem [[ worker ]] sehr aehnlich. Das Pronotum ebenfalls beiderseits mit einer Laengskante. Die Vorderfluegel mit zwei Cubital- und einer Discoidalzelle.
[[ male ]] Die Mandibeln sind sehr klein und ungezaehnt. Der Clypeus gross, vorne gewoelbt, vor den Fuehlern mit einem bogigen nach vorne concaven Eindrucke, hinten verlaengert sich der Clypeus zwischen den Fuehlergelenken und endet abgerundet zwischen den Stirnleisten. Die Stirnleisten sind hoechst unentwickelt und schuetzen das Fuehlergelenk nur als kurze, schmale, schief von vorne innen nach hinten aussen gerichtete Leistchen. Der Schaft der 13 gliedrigen langen Fuehler ist sehr kurz, der Gelenkskopf abgerechnet, nur unbedeutend laenger als breit. Das erste Glied der fadenfoermigen Geissel ist nur so lang als breit, das zweite Geisselglied ist das laengste und die folgenden nehmen stetig an Laenge und auch sehr unbedeutend an Dicke ab. Die Fuehler entspringen zwischen den Netzaugen, welche gross, oval und so ziemlich in der Mitte der Kopfseiten gelegen sind. Das Pronotum ist seitlich stumpf und schwach gerandet. Das Mesonotum, welches das Pronotum nicht ueberragt, sondern vom Vorderrande des Thorax entfernt liegt, hat oben zwei nach hinten convergirende, eingedrueckte Linien, welche mit der Pro- und Mesonotalnaht ein gleichschenkliges Dreieck einschliessen. Das Schildchen ist gewoelbt und nimmt den hoechsten Punct des Thorax ein. (Dr. Roger gibt in der Beschreibung des [[ male ]] seiner P. villosa in seinen „ Poneraartigen Ameisen " an, dass das Schildchen niedriger als das Mesonotum ist, was wol ein Schreibfehler sein duerfte). Schuppe knotenfoermig. Das 1. Hinterleibssegment ist vom 2. stark abgeschnuert. Das Dorsalstueck des letzten Hinterleibssegmentes endet in einen dreieckigen lang spitzigen, gekruemmten Dorn. Die aeusseren Genitalklappen sind laenglich, parallelrandig, am Ende schief abgestutzt mit stark gerundeten Ecken. Die Krallen der Tarsen haben in der Mitte einen kleinen spitzen Zahn. Die Fluegel sind wie beim [[ queen ]].
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Head oblong, subquadrate, the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded; mandibles large, stout and produced, their inner margin denticulate; antennae clavate; eyes placed forward on the sides of the head, ovate, and of a medium size; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the maxillary palpi 4-jointed. Thorax oblong, and slightly narrowed posteriorly; the calcaria pectinate. Abdomen elongate; the node of the peduncle incrassate, quadrate or subquadrate, elevated to the same level as the first segment, and usually of nearly the same width.
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Ecology
Associations
Known prey organisms
Anaides
Coilodes castanea
Deltochilum lobipes
Eurysternus caribaeus
Eurysternus caludicans
Eurysternus plebejus
Onthophagus praecellens
toad carrion
Based on studies in:
Costa Rica: de Osa (Carrion substrate)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA01
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA02
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA07
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA03
Public Records: 0
Species: 8
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS016_apicalis
Public Records: 0
Species: 38
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS015_verenae
Public Records: 0
Species: 34
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS010
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS017
Public Records: 0
Species: 191
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS019
Public Records: 0
Species: 16
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS018
Public Records: 0
Species: 99
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS020
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MY03
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MY05
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MY01
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR20
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DR03
Public Records: 0
Species: 10
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DR02
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR19
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR08
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR17
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR11
Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR04
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR14
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR12
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR03
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR02
Public Records: 0
Species: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR07
Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR06
Public Records: 0
Species: 33
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR05
Public Records: 0
Species: 17
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR01
Public Records: 0
Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR10
Public Records: 0
Species: 13
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DRQ01
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DRm09
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL018
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL017
Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL014
Public Records: 0
Species: 136
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL015
Public Records: 0
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL016
Public Records: 0
Species: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL022
Public Records: 0
Species: 20
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-14
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-10
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-13
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-11
Public Records: 0
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-25
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla .Sp.Jcr-11
Public Records: 0
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL008
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Trusted
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR09
Public Records: 0
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Wikipedia
Pachycondyla
Pachycondyla is a diverse group of ponerine ants that are widespread in the world's tropics and subtropics. Most are general predators or scavengers, with some specializing in hunting termites. In some species queens are replaced by fertilised workers. Apart from 200 to 300 described species, five fossil species have been identified.[2]
Contents |
Systematics
While officially a genus, Pachycondyla is a polyphyletic group, consisting of many subgenera with unclear relationships, that will likely prove to be valid, distinct genera[3].
Description
Pachycondyla workers are similarly shaped to those of the genera Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Ponera and are often confused. They can be identified by having a large comb-like and a smaller simple spur on the hind leg, while the others are missing the smaller one.[2]
Species
- Pachycondyla aciculata Emery, 1901
- Pachycondyla acuta Emery, 1900
- Pachycondyla aenescens Mayr, 1870
- Pachycondyla aenigmatica (Arnold, 1949)
- Pachycondyla aequalis (Mann, 1919)
- Pachycondyla agilis (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla ambigua (Weber, 1942)
- Pachycondyla ambigua Andre, 1890
- Pachycondyla amblyops (Emery, 1887)
- Pachycondyla analis (Latreille, 1802)
- Pachycondyla annamita (Andre, 1892)
- Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille, 1802)
- Pachycondyla apicalis (Smith, 1857)
- Pachycondyla arcuata (Karavaiev, 1925)
- Pachycondyla arhuaca (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla astuta Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla atrata (Karavaiev, 1925)
- Pachycondyla atrovirens Mayr, 1866
- Pachycondyla australis (Forel, 1900)
- Pachycondyla barbata Stitz, 1911
- Pachycondyla berthoudi (Forel, 1890)
- Pachycondyla bispinosa Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla brunoi Forel, 1913
- Pachycondyla bucki (Borgmeier, 1927)
- Pachycondyla butteli (Forel, 1913)
- Pachycondyla caffraria (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla calcarea (Theobald, 1937)
- Pachycondyla cambouei (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla carbonaria (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla carinulata (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla cariosa (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla castanea (Mayr, 1865)
- Pachycondyla castaneicolor (Dalla Torre, 1893)
- Pachycondyla cauta (Mann, 1922)
- Pachycondyla cavernosa (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla cavinodis (Mann, 1916)
- Pachycondyla chinensis (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla christmasi (Donisthorpe, 1935)
- Pachycondyla chyzeri (Forel, 1907)
- Pachycondyla clarki (Wheeler, 1934)
- Pachycondyla claudata (Menozzi, 1926)
- Pachycondyla cognata (Emery, 1896)
- Pachycondyla commutata (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla comorensis (Andre, 1887)
- Pachycondyla constricta (Mayr, 1884)
- Pachycondyla crassa (Emery, 1877)
- Pachycondyla crassinoda (Latreille, 1802)
- Pachycondyla crawleyi (Donisthorpe, 1920)
- Pachycondyla crenata (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla cribrata Santschi, 1910
- Pachycondyla croceicornis (Emery, 1900)
- Pachycondyla darwinii (Forel, 1893)
- Pachycondyla denticulata (Kirby, 1896)
- Pachycondyla depilis (Emery, 1902)
- Pachycondyla dubia (Theobald, 1937)
- Pachycondyla dubitata (Forel, 1900)
- Pachycondyla eleonorae (Forel, 1921)
- Pachycondyla elisae (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla emiliae (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla escherichi Forel, 1910
- Pachycondyla exarata Emery, 1901
- Pachycondyla excavata (Emery, 1893)
- Pachycondyla fauveli Emery, 1896
- Pachycondyla ferruginea (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla flavopilosa (Weber, 1942)
- Pachycondyla foetida (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Pachycondyla fossigera (Mayr, 1901)
- Pachycondyla fugax Forel, 1907
- Pachycondyla fuscoatra (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla gilberti (Kempf, 1960)
- Pachycondyla glabripes (Emery, 1893)
- Pachycondyla globiventris (Theobald, 1937)
- Pachycondyla goeldii (Forel, 1912)
- Pachycondyla goyana (Borgmeier, 1937)
- Pachycondyla gracilicornis (Mayr, 1868)
- Pachycondyla grandis (Donisthorpe, 1947)
- Pachycondyla granosa (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla guianensis (Weber, 1939)
- Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804)
- Pachycondyla haskinsi (Weber, 1939)
- Pachycondyla havilandi (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla havilandi Forel, 1901
- Pachycondyla henryi Donisthorpe, 1942
- Pachycondyla holmgreni (Wheeler, 1925)
- Pachycondyla hottentota Emery, 1886
- Pachycondyla ilgii (Forel, 1894)
- Pachycondyla impressa (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla incisa Emery, 1911
- Pachycondyla ingesta (Wheeler, 1922)
- Pachycondyla insulana (Mayr, 1876)
- Pachycondyla insularis (Emery, 1889)
- Pachycondyla javana (Mayr, 1867)
- Pachycondyla jerdonii (Forel, 1900)
- Pachycondyla jonesii (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla kenyensis (Santschi, 1937)
- Pachycondyla kruegeri Forel, 1910
- Pachycondyla laevigata (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla laevissima Arnold, 1915
- Pachycondyla lamottei (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla leeuwenhoeki (Forel, 1886)
- Pachycondyla lenis Kempf, 1961
- Pachycondyla lenkoi Kempf, 1962
- Pachycondyla leveillei (Emery, 1890)
- Pachycondyla lineaticeps Mayr, 1866
- Pachycondyla lunaris (Emery, 1896)
- Pachycondyla lutea (Mayr, 1862)
- Pachycondyla luteipes (Mayr, 1862)
- Pachycondyla luteola (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla lydiae (Santschi, 1920)
- Pachycondyla magnifica Borgmeier, 1929
- Pachycondyla malayana (Wheeler, 1929)
- Pachycondyla manni (Viehmeyer, 1924)
- Pachycondyla marginata (Roger, 1861)
- Pachycondyla mayri (Emery, 1887)
- Pachycondyla melanaria (Emery, 1893)
- Pachycondyla melancholica Smith, 1865
- Pachycondyla mesonotalis (Santschi, 1923)
- Pachycondyla mesoponeroides (Radchenko, 1993)
- Pachycondyla metanotalis Luederwaldt, 1918
- Pachycondyla mlanjiensis (Arnold, 1946)
- Pachycondyla mocquerysi (Emery, 1902)
- Pachycondyla modiglianii Emery, 1900
- Pachycondyla myropola (Menozzi, 1925)
- Pachycondyla nasica Santschi, 1920
- Pachycondyla nigrita (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla nimba (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla novemdentata (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla oberthueri Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla obesa (Emery, 1897)
- Pachycondyla obscurans (Walker, 1859)
- Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla obsoleta (Menozzi, 1931)
- Pachycondyla obtusa Emery, 1900
- Pachycondyla oculata (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916
- Pachycondyla pachyderma Emery, 1901
- Pachycondyla pachynoda (Clark, 1930)
- Pachycondyla pallida (Smith, 1858)
- Pachycondyla pallidipennis (Smith, 1860)
- Pachycondyla papuana (Viehmeyer, 1914)
- Pachycondyla pergandei (Forel, 1909)
- Pachycondyla peringueyi (Emery, 1899)
- Pachycondyla perroti (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla picardi Forel, 1901
- Pachycondyla picea (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla piliventris Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla pilosior (Wheeler, 1928)
- Pachycondyla porcata (Emery, 1897)
- Pachycondyla procidua Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla pumicosa (Roger, 1860)
- Pachycondyla punctata Karavaiev, 1935
- Pachycondyla rostrata Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla rubescens (Santschi, 1937)
- Pachycondyla rubiginosa (Emery, 1889)
- Pachycondyla rubra (Smith, 1857)
- Pachycondyla ruficornis (Clark, 1934)
- Pachycondyla rufipes (Jerdon, 1851)
- Pachycondyla rufonigra (Clark, 1934)
- Pachycondyla sandakana (Wheeler, 1919)
- Pachycondyla sanguinea Santschi, 1920
- Pachycondyla sauteri Forel, 1912
- Pachycondyla scobina (Wilson, 1958)
- Pachycondyla scolopax (Emery, 1899)
- Pachycondyla sculpturata Karavaiev, 1925
- Pachycondyla senegalensis (Santschi, 1914)
- Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Mayr, 1862)
- Pachycondyla sharpi (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla sheldoni (Mann, 1919)
- Pachycondyla sikorae (Forel, 1891)
- Pachycondyla silvestrii Santschi, 1914
- Pachycondyla simillima (Donisthorpe, 1949)
- Pachycondyla sjostedti (Mayr, 1896)
- Pachycondyla solitaria (Smith, 1860)
- Pachycondyla soror (Emery, 1899)
- Pachycondyla stigma (Fabricius, 1804)
- Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla striatinodis Emery, 1890
- Pachycondyla striatula Karavaiev, 1935
- Pachycondyla strigulosa (Emery, 1895)
- Pachycondyla striolata Donisthorpe, 1933
- Pachycondyla subiridescens (Wheeler, 1922)
- Pachycondyla sublaevis (Emery, 1887)
- Pachycondyla succedanea (Roger, 1863)
- Pachycondyla succinea (Mayr, 1868)
- Pachycondyla sulcata (Mayr, 1867)
- Pachycondyla suspecta (Santschi, 1914)
- Pachycondyla talpa (Andre, 1890)
- Pachycondyla tarsata (Fabricius, 1798)
- Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Emery, 1877)
- Pachycondyla testacea (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla theresiae Forel, 1899
- Pachycondyla tonkina Santschi, 1920
- Pachycondyla tridentata Smith, 1858
- Pachycondyla unicolor (Smith, 1860)
- Pachycondyla unidentata Mayr, 1862
- Pachycondyla variolosa (Arnold, 1947)
- Pachycondyla venusta (Forel, 1912)
- Pachycondyla verecundae (Donisthorpe, 1943)
- Pachycondyla vermiculata (Emery, 1897)
- Pachycondyla vidua (Smith, 1857)
- Pachycondyla villiersi (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla villosa (Fabricius, 1804)
- Pachycondyla wasmannii (Forel, 1887)
- Pachycondyla weberi (Bernard, 1953)
- Pachycondyla williamsi (Wheeler & Chapman, 1925)
- Pachycondyla wroughtonii (Forel, 1901)
- Pachycondyla zumpti (Santschi, 1937)
Footnotes
- ^ Archibald, S. Bruce; Stefan P. Cover, Corrie S. Moreau (2006). "Bulldog ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and history of the subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)". Annals of the Entomological Society (Entomological Society of America) 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2. http://www.brucearchibald.com/docs/Archibald_et_al_2006.pdf.
- ^ a b Australian Ants Online
- ^ Tree of Life
References
- Australian Ants Online: Genus Pachycondyla
- Tree of Life Web Project. 2004. Pachycondyla. Version 15 October 2004 (temporary). in The Tree of Life Web Project
Unreviewed
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