Physical Description

Diagnostic Description

(Fig. 9)

 

Males winged. Antennal scrobe absent. Mandibles reduced in size. If triangular in form (one species) then the masticatory margins do not completely overlap each other even when fully closed. Basal cavity of mandible extends to its front face. Basal cavity visible in full-face view in species with reduced mandibles, but invisible in species with triangular mandible. Notauli not impressed on mesoscutum in large species but clearly impressed in several medium or small species. Mesepimeron bearing distinct (epimeral) lobe posterodorsally, lobe covering mesothoracic spiracle and forming a seemingly isolated plate. Dorsolateral corner of petiole in anterior view without distinct projection, usually evenly rounded. Apical margin of abdominal tergum VIII projecting strongly into sharp spine in most cases, though spine lacking in several small species. Jugal lobe of hind wing present in most but not all species. Each middle and hind tibia with two spurs. Claws simple or with one or two preapical teeth, but never multidentate or pectinate.

 

Remarks. This genus (sensu Bolton 1995) is now considered to be paraphyletic (P. S. Ward unpublished). In the region, the males are divided into four distinct groups (Table 1). We keep these groups separate to facilitate naming them once a new generic classification for Pachycondyla is developed based on molecular work.

 

Each is characterized by a combination of characters in the notauli, the terminal spine on abdominal tergum VIII, and the jugal lobe (Table 1). Section 01 consists of large, blackish-colored males (Figs. 9a-e), section 02 of small, yellowish-colored males (Figs. 9f-i), section 03 includes males having somewhat developed mandibles, and section 04 consists of reddish-colored males having a clypeus as long as males in Leptogenys . Several sections are similar to other genera; characters distinguishing Pachycondyla from those genera are given under the respective genera.

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[[ worker ]] Der Kopf ohne Oberkiefer viereckig, diese sind lang dreieckig mit saegezaehnigem Kaurande, vom Rande des Mandibelgelenkes zieht bei manchen Arten eine Kante zum Auge. Der Clypeus ist in der Mitte gewoelbt, vor den Fuehlergelenken bogenfoermig ausgeschnitten, zwischen den Stirnleisten verschmaelert sich der Clypeus stark zwischen den Fuehlern zu einem schmalen Kiele und erweitert sich zuletzt abgerundet lanzettlich vor dem hintern Ende der Stirnleisten. Die Fuehler zwoelfgliedrig, das erste Geisselglied ist kuerzer als das zweite. Die Augen liegen meist vor, selten in der Mitte am Seitenrande des Kopfes. Die Ocellen fehlen. Der Thorax ist unbewehrt, oben von vorne nach hinten gerade oder schwach gekruemmt, nicht oder sehr wenig eingeschnuert. Das Pronotum ist oben ziemlich abgeflacht und hat seitlich eine scharfe oder stumpfe Kante. Das Mesonotum ist halb oder mehr als halb so lang als das Pronotum. Schuppe knotenfoermig oder mehr oder weniger wuerfelig, stark wechselnd in der Form, stets ungezaehnt. Der Hinterleib ist zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Segmente massig oder kaum merklich eingeschnuert. Die Krallen der Tarsen sind einfach.

 

[[ queen ]] Dem [[ worker ]] sehr aehnlich. Das Pronotum ebenfalls beiderseits mit einer Laengskante. Die Vorderfluegel mit zwei Cubital- und einer Discoidalzelle.

 

[[ male ]] Die Mandibeln sind sehr klein und ungezaehnt. Der Clypeus gross, vorne gewoelbt, vor den Fuehlern mit einem bogigen nach vorne concaven Eindrucke, hinten verlaengert sich der Clypeus zwischen den Fuehlergelenken und endet abgerundet zwischen den Stirnleisten. Die Stirnleisten sind hoechst unentwickelt und schuetzen das Fuehlergelenk nur als kurze, schmale, schief von vorne innen nach hinten aussen gerichtete Leistchen. Der Schaft der 13 gliedrigen langen Fuehler ist sehr kurz, der Gelenkskopf abgerechnet, nur unbedeutend laenger als breit. Das erste Glied der fadenfoermigen Geissel ist nur so lang als breit, das zweite Geisselglied ist das laengste und die folgenden nehmen stetig an Laenge und auch sehr unbedeutend an Dicke ab. Die Fuehler entspringen zwischen den Netzaugen, welche gross, oval und so ziemlich in der Mitte der Kopfseiten gelegen sind. Das Pronotum ist seitlich stumpf und schwach gerandet. Das Mesonotum, welches das Pronotum nicht ueberragt, sondern vom Vorderrande des Thorax entfernt liegt, hat oben zwei nach hinten convergirende, eingedrueckte Linien, welche mit der Pro- und Mesonotalnaht ein gleichschenkliges Dreieck einschliessen. Das Schildchen ist gewoelbt und nimmt den hoechsten Punct des Thorax ein. (Dr. Roger gibt in der Beschreibung des [[ male ]] seiner P. villosa in seinen „ Poneraartigen Ameisen " an, dass das Schildchen niedriger als das Mesonotum ist, was wol ein Schreibfehler sein duerfte). Schuppe knotenfoermig. Das 1. Hinterleibssegment ist vom 2. stark abgeschnuert. Das Dorsalstueck des letzten Hinterleibssegmentes endet in einen dreieckigen lang spitzigen, gekruemmten Dorn. Die aeusseren Genitalklappen sind laenglich, parallelrandig, am Ende schief abgestutzt mit stark gerundeten Ecken. Die Krallen der Tarsen haben in der Mitte einen kleinen spitzen Zahn. Die Fluegel sind wie beim [[ queen ]].

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Head oblong, subquadrate, the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded; mandibles large, stout and produced, their inner margin denticulate; antennae clavate; eyes placed forward on the sides of the head, ovate, and of a medium size; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the maxillary palpi 4-jointed. Thorax oblong, and slightly narrowed posteriorly; the calcaria pectinate. Abdomen elongate; the node of the peduncle incrassate, quadrate or subquadrate, elevated to the same level as the first segment, and usually of nearly the same width.

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Ecology

Associations

Known prey organisms

Pachycondyla (Pachycondyla sp.) preys on:
Anaides
Coilodes castanea
Deltochilum lobipes
Eurysternus caribaeus
Eurysternus caludicans
Eurysternus plebejus
Onthophagus praecellens
toad carrion

Based on studies in:
Costa Rica: de Osa (Carrion substrate)

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA01

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA02

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA07

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Species: 5
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla ARA03

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Species: 8
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS016_apicalis

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Species: 38
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS015_verenae

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Species: 34
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS010

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Species: 3
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS017

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Species: 191
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MAS019

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Species: 16
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Species: 99
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MY03

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MY05

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Species: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla MY01

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Species: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR20

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Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DR03

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Species: 10
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DR02

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Species: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR19

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Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR08

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Species: 2
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR17

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Species: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR11

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Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR04

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Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR14

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Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR12

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Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR03

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Species: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR02

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Species: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR07

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Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR06

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Species: 33
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR05

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Species: 17
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR01

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Species: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR10

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Public Records: 0
Species: 13
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DRQ01

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Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla DRm09

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Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL018

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Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL017

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Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL014

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Species: 136
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL015

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Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL016

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Species: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JTL022

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Species: 20
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-14

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-10

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-13

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Species: 1
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-11

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Species: 3
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla jcr-25

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Pachycondyla JCR09

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Wikipedia

Pachycondyla

Ypresiomyrma rebekkae queen fossils (upper left) at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen. This ant was formerly classified under Pachycondyla until it was placed in the subfamily Myrmeciinae and assigned to a new genus by Archibald, Cover, and Moreau in 2006.[1]

Pachycondyla is a diverse group of ponerine ants that are widespread in the world's tropics and subtropics. Most are general predators or scavengers, with some specializing in hunting termites. In some species queens are replaced by fertilised workers. Apart from 200 to 300 described species, five fossil species have been identified.[2]

Contents

Systematics

While officially a genus, Pachycondyla is a polyphyletic group, consisting of many subgenera with unclear relationships, that will likely prove to be valid, distinct genera[3].

Description

Pachycondyla workers are similarly shaped to those of the genera Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Ponera and are often confused. They can be identified by having a large comb-like and a smaller simple spur on the hind leg, while the others are missing the smaller one.[2]

Species

Footnotes

  1. ^ Archibald, S. Bruce; Stefan P. Cover, Corrie S. Moreau (2006). "Bulldog ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and history of the subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)". Annals of the Entomological Society (Entomological Society of America) 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2. http://www.brucearchibald.com/docs/Archibald_et_al_2006.pdf. 
  2. ^ a b Australian Ants Online
  3. ^ Tree of Life

References

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