This widespread African bat is broadly distributed south of the Sahara from Gambia (Grubb et al. 1998) and Senegal, through much of West and Central Africa, to southern and central Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia (Yalden et al. 1996) and Somalia in the east (Funaioli and Simonetta, 1966); from here it ranges southwards as far as northern Zambia (Ansell 1978) and northern Malawi (Ansell and Dowsett 1988; Vonhof and Kalcounis 1999). It is typically a lowland species found below 2,000 m asl.

Lavia frons is found throughout Middle Africa. This yellow-winged bat can be seen from Gambia to Ethiopia and from Southern to Northern Zambia. Lavia frons has also been observed as south as Northern Rhodesia. In general, Lavia frons occupies territory in Africa from 15° north to 15° degrees south latitude (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1986).

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

Lavia frons is an average-sized bat with the female slightly larger than the male. The weight of Lavia frons (male and female considered) ranges from 28 to 36 grams (Kingdon, 1974). The length from head to tail of females ranges from 63 to 80 mm while the length of males goes from 58 to 80 mm (Rosevear, 1965).

An important defining characteristics of bats is their forearm length. Females have forearm lengths of 55 to 63 mm; males, from 55 to 60 mm. Ear length of females ranges from 36 to 47 millimeters and for males, from 35 to 45 mm. The tibia length ranges from 33 to 37 mm for females and from 32 to 36 mm for males. The length of the skull ranges from 23.3 mm to 26.1 mm for females and 22.8 to 25.0 mm for males (Rosevear, 1965). Members of this species have prominent postorbital processes.

The dental formula is 0/2 1/1 1/2 3/3 (upper/lower incisors, upper/lower canines, upper/lower premolars, upper/lower molars). Lavia frons, like other Megadermitidae, has no upper incisors. The molars are dilambdodont, which is consistent with eating insects. There is a cingulum on the canine as well as two secondary cusps. The premolars are quite large with the posterior premolars being bigger than the anterior premolars. Finally, the incisors of the lower jaw have rounded crowns (Rosevear, 1965).

Lavia frons have a bluish gray body with some members having a lower back that is somewhat brownish or green. The wings are broad and the wingspan is about 14 inches (Rosevear, 1965). The color of its wings is a mixture of red and yellow and hence, Lavia frons is often referred to as the African Yellow-Winged bat. Its ears, like its wings, are reddish yellow. The ears contain a divided tragus that is relatively spiky. The eyes are quite large. In fact, Lavia frons has the second largest eyes of any African microchiroptera, second only to Cardioderma cor (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1987). The noseleaf of Lavia frons is distinctive in that it is enveloped by a pointed spike. Other physical characteristics include glands on males that secrete a yellow substance that discolors the lower back and a pair of false nipples near the anus of females.

Range mass: 28 to 36 g.

Range length: 58 to 80 mm.

Average wingspan: 36 cm.

Habitat and Ecology

Systems

• Terrestrial

Lavia frons occupies low-lying savannas and woodlands with open space. This species generally prefers areas where trees and bushes occur near rivers, swamps, or lakes. Apparently, trees near and around water provide sites for roosting. Lavia frons is usually seen roosting in Acacia tortilis trees at elevations below 1000 meters.

Range elevation: 1000 (high) m.

Lavia frons are insectivorous. They eat a variety of insects ranging from grasshoppers to mosquitoes. Lavia frons can often be seen eating alate termites, which are readily available during the rainy season. They tend to forage near Acacia tortilis trees that attract insects throughout the year. Rather than searching for their food, these bats wait for insects to travel near their foraging perch and then attack them. They move to different foraging sites when insects are not available. In fact, Lavia frons moves every few minutes to a different perch to increase the chances of catching prey. Lavia frons attacks insects that fly as high as 20 to 30 meters above the ground to insects that fly as low as 1 meter above the ground (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1987). The attack is almost completely horizontal with the bat usually returning to its original perch to consume its prey (further information on foraging behavior discussed in behavior section).

Animal Foods: insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )

Lavia frons plays an important part in protecting Acacia tortilis trees by regulating insect population. Acacia tortilis trees are roosting sites for these bats. They flower in the dry season during the time from mid-December to February (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1986). This flowering attracts swarms of insects, which damage the leaves of the trees while trying to gain access to the flowers. By capturing and eating insects, Lavia frons helps prevent damage to the trees.

Lavia frons rotates its head almost 180 degrees to observe predators. They are always on the watch and therefore, are not frequently preyed upon. There have been, however, reports of Lavia frons being captured by predators (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1986).

Known Predators:

• mambas (Dendroaspis angusticeps)
• bat hawks (Machaerhamphus anderssoni)
• night tree vipers (Boiga blandingii)
• European kestrels (Falco tinnunculus)

Lavia frons preys on:
Insecta

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

Lavia frons is prey of:
Macheiramphus alcinus
Falco tinnunculus
Dendroaspis angusticeps

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

.

Courtship rituals include a pair flying over each other and circling one another.

Mating System: monogamous

Members of Lavia frons are monogamous with members of a pair roosting together and engaging in courtship rituals, which include flying together and circling one another. The gestation period usually begins in January and lasts about three months with offspring being born in early April (there have also been reports of births in October and January; Vonhof,1999).

After birth, a young bat adheres to its mother by attaching its mouth to a pair of false nipples located near the mother's tail. To further insure attachment to the mother, the young bat wraps its legs around the back of its mother's neck. Despite the added weight of the offspring, the mother continues to forage. For roughly three months, the mother and its offspring stay in close proximity. During this time, grooming generally occurs with the mother eating the metabolic wastes of the baby in an apparent water conservation mechanism (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1987). In addition, the young bat observes the foraging and hunting techniques of its parents. The young Lavia frons hangs from its mother and practices flapping its wings until it begins flying by itself. At that point, the young bat is left alone.

Approximately 20 days after the young bat begins flying alone, weaning begins. For 30 more days, the young Lavia frons shares the territory of its parents (Vaughan and Vaughan, 1987). After this 30 day time period, the young bat is no longer solely dependent on its parents.

Breeding season: January-April

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 3 months.

Average weaning age: 55 days.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); fertilization (Internal )

Both male and female partners care for the offspring. The male protects the offspring while the female nurtures the offspring.

Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

Population

Population Trend

Major Threats

Conservation Actions