Capra pyrenaica — Details

Geographic Range

Capra pyrenaica is found in the Carzorla-Segura and Eastern Sierra Nevada mountain ranges on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain. (Grzimek, 1990)

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )

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Physical Description

Morphology

Physical Description

Spanish ibex are generally brownish to grayish in color. They measure about 65-75cm tall at the shoulder, are 100-140 cm long, and weigh 35-80 kg. Tail lenghth is 10-15 cm. Males are larger than females. Both sexes have horns. The horns of males are much larger and better developed than those of females. Horns of the males reach 75 cm or more in length and curve back over their heads. (Grzimek, 1990)

Range mass: 35 to 80 kg.

Range length: 100 to 140 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

Habitat and Ecology

It occurs in rocky habitats. Even small rocky patches in arable farmland and on the coast may be used, although cliffs and screes interspersed with scrub or pine trees are the most typical habitats. It often lives in very close proximity to humans, and is a familiar and popular species. It disperses readily and can rapidly colonise new areas if appropriate habitat is available. It is an important trophy-hunting species, with some trophy prices exceeding EUR 2,000 (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Hunting can be an important source of revenue to local communities in rural areas. The species can sometimes be an agricultural pest, causing damage to almond trees (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006).

Systems

Terrestrial

Source: IUCN

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Habitat

Spanish ibex live in mountainous terrain generally above 800m. They prefer forested areas with rock outcroppings, coniferous trees, and deciduous trees (including Holm oaks). Forests with multiple strata in the canopy are preferred. The lower canopy strata provide shade cover to escape heat during mid-day. (Escos, 1992)

Range elevation: 800 (low) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains

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Trophic Strategy

Food Habits

Spanish ibex feed primarily by browsing. Their main forage is Holm oak (Quercus ilex). They browse these oaks as well as feed on the acorns. They also feed on forbs (5% of diet) and grasses (10% of diet). Forage of forbs and grasses is selected more in spring and early summer. (Garcia-Gonzales, 1992; Martinez, 1988)

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Granivore )

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Associations

Ecosystem Roles

Because of its feeding behavior, C. pyrenaica influences succession of plants in its habitat. It also is a primary consumer, converting the energy stored in plants to a form which is then available to its predators.

Ecosystem Impact: creates habitat

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Predation

Adult Spanish ibex have no natural predators except humans. The young are susceptible to predation by eagles and foxes. When danger is detected, usually by sight or smell, an alarm whistle is given and the herd flees in columns led by an adult male or female. (Grzimek, 1990)

Known Predators:

eagles (Accipitridae)
foxes (Vulpes)

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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

Development

See reproduction.

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Life Expectancy

Lifespan/Longevity

Spanish ibex can live 12-16 years in the wild. (Grzimek, 1990)

Range lifespan

Status: wild: 12 to 16 years.

Average lifespan

Status: wild: 16.0 years.

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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

Observations: In the wild these animals have been estimated to live up to 16 years (Bernhard Grzimek 1990). One captive specimen lived 15.2 years (Richard Weigl 2005). Further studies are needed to better estimate the maximum longevity of this species.

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0)

Source: AnAge

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Reproduction

Males compete to mate with females by head butting.

Mating System: polygynous

Breeding occurs from November through December, peaking in the first half of December. Females in estrus signal to males that they are ready to mate by producing certain pheromones. during the rut, males battle with each other for the right to mate by butting heads. The gestation period of C. pyrenaica is 161-168 days. The peak birthing period is in mid-May. Females breed every year and typically have 1-2 young per year. Females often find a remote, inaccessible location with thick brush for birthing. After giving birth, females and young congregate in groups. Males are full grown and reach sexual maturity at age three. Females are full grown and reach sexual maturity at age 1.5. (Alvarez, 1990; Alados, 1988; Grizmek, 1990)

Breeding season: mating occurs from November through December, and females typically gice birth in mid-May.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Range gestation period: 5.37 to 5.6 months.

Average gestation period: 5.485 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 to 3 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.5 to 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.5.

Females care for the precocial young (Nowak, 1990)

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; post-independence association with parents

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

Red List Category

Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version

3.1

Year Assessed

2008

Assessor/s

Herrero, J. & Pérez, J.M.

Reviewer/s

Hilton-Taylor, C. & Temple, H. (Global Mammal Assessment Team)

Contributor/s

Justification

This species is now abundant and its range and population are currently expanding as a result of habitat changes resulting from rural abandonment. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. Hunting reservations and protected areas have played a crucial role in species recovery.

History

1996

Lower Risk/near threatened

Source: IUCN

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Conservation Status

Conservation efforts are being focused on habitat preservation and restoration and looking at competition with introduced species such red deer, like those introduced into Carzorla-Segura park. (Grzimek, 1990)

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Trends

Population

Population

The population in the whole of the Iberian peninsula was estimated at c.50,000 individuals in more than 50 subpopulations (Palomo and Gisbert 2002, Pérez et al. 2002). Subpopulations include those of the Sierra Nevada (16,000 individuals), Sierra de Gredos (8,000 individuals), Maestrazgo (7,000 individuals), Serranía de Ronda and Sierras de Grazalema (4,000 individuals), Puertos de Tortosa y Beceite Natural Park (4,000 individuals) Cazorla (2,500 individuals), Sierra Tejeda y Almijara (2,500 individuals), Sierras de Antequera (2,000 individuals), Sierra Morena (2,000 individuals) and Muela de Córtes (1,500 individuals) (Pérez et al. 2002, J. Herrero and J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006). Numbers have expanded dramatically since the early 1990s, when the total population was estimated at c.7,900 individuals (Shackleton 1997), and continue to increase. Its range is expanding in Spain and into Portugal (Cabral et al. 2005). In 2003 the Portuguese population consisted of a minimum of 75 individuals. (Moço et al. 2006).

Population Trend

Increasing

Source: IUCN

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Threats

Major Threats

No threats are causing population or range declines at present - indeed the species is expanding. However, alteration and fragmentation of habitats (through agriculture, forestry, fires, and infrastructure development) may impact upon certain Capra pyrenaica populations, and competition with the introduced the aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) might become a conservation problem in the near future (Cabral et al. 2005, J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006). The aoudad was introduced during the 1970s in southeastern Spain, and recently an important range expansion of this exotic ungulate has been reported (Cassinello et al. 2004); competition between these two ungulate species can be expected. The impact of hunting (predominantly for trophies) has not been scientifically assessed (J. M. Pérez pers. comm. 2006), but the poaching of large dominant males might alter gene flow (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). However, hunting levels are broadly under control. Outbreaks of mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) occur sporadically and have caused at least one major population crash (Shackleton 1997, Palomo and Gisbert 2002). Wild goats are occasionally killed by accident during wild boar hunting-drives with dogs (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006).

Previously, the population was kept low by competition with domestic livestock, which restricted wild goats to marginal habitats. The causes of C. p. pyrenaica' s demise are unknown, but there are a number of hypotheses including competition for food with chamois, inbreeding depression, parasite infections from domestic livestock, climatic conditions, poaching, and low fertility due to plant secondary compounds (Shackleton 1997). The last remaining individual, a 13-year-old female, was killed by a falling tree.

Source: IUCN

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Management

Conservation Actions

Conservation Actions

The species is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Annex V of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. It is listed as Critically Endangered in Portugal, owing to its very small population in that country (Cabral et al. 2005). C. p. victoriae occurs in Sierra de Gredos, las Batuecas and Riaño Hunting Reserves and Manzanares Natural Park. C. p. hispanica occurs in a number of protected areas, including Sierra de las Nieves, Sierra de Grazalema, Sierra Nevada, and Sierra de Tajada y Almijara, Puertos de Tortosa y Beceite, and Muela de Cortes. However, most of the range occupied by wild goats is outside protected areas. Conservation measures proposed include establishing additional populations of C. p. victoriae in other areas to strengthen its conservation status by reducing the possibility of an epizootic or some other catastrophe wiping out, or severely depleting, the present small population. When establishing new populations, founder effects should be considered, and sufficient numbers of animals should be introduced to maintain genetic diversity (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2006). Measures should be taken to reduce poaching (Cabral et al. 2005), and the impact of hunting should be scientifically assessed.

Source: IUCN

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Spanish ibex potentially compete with grazing livestock. (Gortazac, 2000)

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Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Spanish ibex are prized as trophy game animals. The flesh is considered a delicacy. They are important for tourism, bringing many people to the parks on the Iberian Peninsula. (Grzimek, 1990)

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism

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Wikipedia

Spanish Ibex

The Iberian ibex, Spanish ibex, Spanish wild goat, or Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica)^[2] is a species of ibex with four subspecies. Of these, two can still be found on the Iberian Peninsula, but the remaining two are now extinct. The Portuguese subspecies became extinct in 1892 and the Pyrenean subspecies became extinct on January 6, 2000. An ongoing project to clone to the Pyrenean subspecies resulted in one clone being born alive in January 2009. This is the first taxon to become "un-extinct", although the clone died a few minutes after birth due to physical defects in lungs ^[3].

1 Habitat
2 Characteristics
3 Preservation
4 Subspecies
5 References
6 Gallery

Habitat

The Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica populates the Iberian Peninsula and consisted originally of four subspecies. However with recent extinctions occurring within the last century, only two of the subspecies still exist.^[4] These two subspecies of ibexes, the Capra pyrenaica hispanica and the Capra pyrenaica victoriae, can be found along the Spanish Iberian Peninsula and have even migrated and settled into the coast of Portugal.^[4]

Characteristics

Capra pyrenaica are strong mountainous animals characterized by their large and ﬂexible hooves and short legs. These physical adaptations allow them to be able to run and leap on bare, rocky, rough, and steep slopes.^[4] This gives them an advantage over potential predators that possibly cannot reach them because of the terrain. The Iberian ibex also shows remarkable sexual dimorphism, with males being greater in size and weight and also having larger horns as the females.^[4] The horns of the ibexes are different among wild caprids as they curve out and up and then back, inward, and, depending on subspecies, either up again or down. The annual horn growth is inﬂuenced principally by age but can also be contributed by environmental factors and the growth made in the previous year.^[4] Even though the female ibexes are smaller, they have a faster ossification process and typically finish full bone development nearly two years before males.^[4]

Mating

Iberian ibex establish two types of social groups: male-only groups and females with young juvenile groups. ^[4] It is during rutting season (November/December) that the males interact with the females in order to reproduce. Allocation to testes mass was greatest in the rutting season, particularly at ages that are associated with a subordinate status and a coursing, rather than mate-guarding, reproductive strategy.^[5] Mixed groups are also common during the rest of the winter.^[6] During the birth season, the yearling are separated from the female groups at the time of the new births. The males are the first to separate and return to their male-only groups while the yearlings eventually return back to their mothers and spend their next few years with the group.^[7]

Predatory Response

The Spanish ibex has a unique way of signaling others when a potential predator has been spotted. First the ibex will have an erect posture with its ears and head pointing in the direction of the potential predator. The caller will then signal the other ibexes in the group with one or more alarm calls. Once the group has heard the alarm calls, they will flee to another area that is usually an advantageous vantage point like a rocky slope where the predator cannot reach. ^[7]. Interestingly, the ibex usually flees in a very coordinated fashion that is led by an experienced adult female in female-juvenile groups and an experienced male in male-only groups. ^[7] This possibly allows the group to escape in a more efficient way as the more experienced ibex will know which slope to run to. However since their alarm calls consists of an abrupt explosive whistle, it can easily be heard by predators and quickly be located even from farther distances.^[7]

Food

The Iberian ibex is generally a mixed feeder between a browsing (herbivory) type of feeder and a grazer, depending on the plant availability in their home range. Thus, the percentage of each type of resource that is consumed will vary altitudinally, geographically, and seasonally.^[4] The ibex also has a special mechanism in the kidney that stores fat in order to be used as energy during the cold winter times. The highest body storage of kidney fat can be found during the productive warm seasons and the lowest during the cold period. The body storage is characterized by limited the food resources.^[8] Foraging in ibexes is also different depending on the season. When food resources are low during the winter, ibexes would reduce their rates of movement when foraging. However during the spring season, when food is more available, they would increase their rate of movement and become more mobile in finding food. ^[9] This would be the ideal trend of movement since the spring season is more abundant in food resources meaning that there is more competition for food resources forcing some to trek farther in order to obtain food.

Preservation

The populations of Capra pyrenaica have decreased significantly over the last centuries. This can be due to a combination of contributing factors such as great hunting pressure, agricultural development and habitat deterioration. Around 1890, one of the subspecies, C. pyrenaica lusitanica, also known as the Portuguese Ibex, became extinct from its range in the Portuguese Sierra de Geres and Galicia. By the mid-nineteenth century, another of the four subspecies, the Pyrenean ibex, came from the French Pyrenees and the Pyrenean subspecies became extinct in January 2000, when the last adult female died in the Ordesa National Park. ^[1] There are also a series of threats in an effort towards ibex conservation; such as population overabundance, disease, and potential competition with domestic livestock and other ungulates, along with the negative effects of human disturbance through tourism and hunting. ^[4] Until recently, ibexes from Southern Spain have also become exposed to diseases and outbreaks like sarcoptic mange. ^[1] This disease, potentially fatal for infected individuals, unequally affects males and females^[10] and it limits the reproductive investment of individuals^[11]. Scabies has become the main destabilizing factor in many populations of Iberian ibex.

Subspecies

Western Spanish Ibex or Gredos Ibex - Capra pyrenaica victoriae Cabrera, 1911
Southeastern Spanish Ibex or Beceite Ibex - Capra pyrenaica hispanica Schimper, 1848
Portuguese Ibex - Capra pyrenaica lusitanica Schlegel, 1872 (extinct)
Pyrenean Ibex - Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Schinz, 1838 (extinct)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pérez, J. M., Granados, J. E., Soriguer, R. C., Fandos, P., Márquez, F. J. and Crampe, J. P. (2002), Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish Ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Mammal Review, 32: 26–39. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00097.
^ Sarasa, M., Alasaad, S. & Pérez, J. M. (2012) Common names of species, the curious case of Capra pyrenaica and the concomitant steps towards the 'wild-to-domestic' transformation of a flagship species and its vernacular names. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21, 1-12.
^ Folch, J., Cocero, M. J., Chesne, P., Alabart, J. L., Dominguez, V., Cognie, Y., Roche, A., Fernandez-Arias, A., Marti, J. I., Sanchez, P., Echegoyen, E., Beckers, J. F., Bonastre, A. S. & Vignon, X. (2009) First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning. Theriogenology, 71, 1026-1034.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Acevedo, Paleyo. "Biology, ecology, and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus". Mammal Review 39(Jan. 2009):17-22.
^ Sarasa, M., Serrano, E., Pérez, J. M., Soriguer, R. C., Gonzalez, G., Joachim, J., Fandos, P. & Granados, J. E. (2010) Effects of season, age, and body condition on allocation to testes mass in Iberian ibex. Journal of Zoology, 281, 125-131.
^ Fandos, P. (1991) La cabra montés (Capra pyrenaica) en el Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla Segura y las Villas, ICONA-CSIC, Madrid.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Alados, C.L. and Escos J. "Alarm calls and flight behaviour in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrencaica)". Biology of Behavior vol.13 (1988): 11-21.
^ Serrano, Emmanuel, et al. "The Effects of Winter Severity and Population Density on Body Stores in the Iberian Wild Goat (Capra Pyrenaica) in a Highly Seasonal Mountain Environment." European Journal of Wildlife Research 57.1 (2011): 51.
^ Escos J. and C.L. Alados. "Relationships between movement rate, agnostic displacements and forage availability in Spanish ibexes (Capra pyrenaica)". Behavior of Biology Vol. 12(1987): 245-255.
^ Sarasa, M., Rambozzi, L., Rossi, L., Meneguz, P. G., Serrano, E., Granados, J. E., González, F. J., Fandos, P., Soriguer, R. C., Gonzalez, G., Joachim, J. & Pérez, J. M. (2010) Sarcoptes scabiei: Specific immune response to sarcoptic mange in the Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica depends on previous exposure and sex. Experimental Parasitology, 124, 265-271.
^ Sarasa, M., Serrano, E., Soriguer, R. C., Granados, J.-E., Fandos, P., Gonzalez, G., Joachim, J. & Pérez, J. M. (2011) Negative effect of the arthropod parasite, Sarcoptes scabiei, on testes mass in Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica. Veterinary Parasitology, 175, 306-312.

Gallery

San Diego Zoo's Spanish Ibex
Spanish Ibex at Sierra de Gredos (Spain)
Keepers at the San Diego Zoo use a large wooden log to stimulate the Ibex's charging instinct
Juvenile male Spanish Ibex. Picture taken at Reserva Nacional dels Ports de Beseit (Spain)
Free group at La Najarra (Spain)

Extant Artiodactyla species

Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Mammalia · Infraclass: Eutheria · Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Suborder Ruminantia

Antilocapridae

Antilocapra	Pronghorn (A. americana)

Giraffidae

Okapia	Okapi (O. johnstoni)

Giraffa	Giraffe (G. camelopardalis)

Moschidae

Moschus	Himalayan Musk Deer (M. chrysogaster) · Siberian Musk Deer (M. moschiferus) · Dwarf Musk Deer (M. berezovskii) · Black Musk Deer (M. fuscus)

Tragulidae

Hyemoschus	Water Chevrotain (H. aquaticus)

Moschiola	Indian Spotted Chevrotain (M. indica) · Yellow-striped Chevrotain (M. kathygre) · Sri Lankan Spotted Chevrotain (M. meminna)

Tragulus	Java Mouse-deer (T. javanicus) · Lesser Mouse-deer (T. kanchil) · Greater Mouse-deer (T. napu) · Philippine Mouse-deer (T. nigricans) · Vietnam Mouse-deer (T. versicolor) · Williamson's Mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)

Cervidae

Large family listed below

Bovidae

Large family listed below

Family Cervidae

Cervinae

Muntiacus	Indian Muntjac (M. muntjak) · Reeves's Muntjac (M. reevesi) · Hairy-fronted Muntjac (M. crinifrons) · Fea's Muntjac (M. feae) · Bornean Yellow Muntjac (M. atherodes) · Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) · Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) · Giant Muntjac (M. vuquangensis) · Truong Son Muntjac (M. truongsonensis) · Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)

Elaphodus	Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)

Dama	Fallow Deer (D. dama) · Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)

Axis	Chital (A. axis)

Rucervus	Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)

Panolia	Eld's Deer (P. eldii)

Elaphurus	Père David's Deer (E. davidianus)

Hyelaphus	Hog deer (H. porcinus) · Calamian Deer (H. calamianensis) · Bawean Deer (H. kuhlii)

Rusa	Sambar Deer (R. unicolor) · Rusa Deer (R. timorensis) · Philippine Sambar (R. mariannus) · Philippine Spotted Deer (R. alfredi)

Cervus	Red Deer (C. elaphus) · Elk (C. canadensis) · Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) · Sika Deer (C. nippon)

Capreolinae

Alces	Moose (A. alces)

Hydropotes	Water deer (H. inermis)

Capreolus	Roe Deer (C. capreolus) · Siberian Roe Deer (C. pygargus)

Rangifer	Reindeer (R. tarandus)

Hippocamelus	Taruca (H. antisensis) · South Andean Deer (H. bisulcus)

Mazama	Red Brocket (M. americana) · Small Red Brocket (M. bororo) · Merida Brocket (M. bricenii) · Dwarf Brocket (M. chunyi) · Gray Brocket (M. gouazoubira) · Pygmy Brocket (M. nana) · Amazonian Brown Brocket (M. nemorivaga) · Yucatan Brown Brocket (M. pandora) · Little Red Brocket (M. rufina) · Central American Red Brocket (M. temama)

Ozotoceros	Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)

Blastocerus	Marsh Deer (B. dichotomus)

Pudu	Northern Pudu (P. mephistophiles) · Pudú (P. pudu)

Odocoileus	White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) · Mule deer (O. hemionus)

Family Bovidae

Cephalophinae

Cephalophus	Abbott's Duiker (C. spadix) · Aders' Duiker (C. adersi) · Bay Duiker (C. dorsalis) · Black Duiker (C. niger) · Black-fronted Duiker (C. nigrifrons) · Blue Duiker (C. monticola) · Harvey's Duiker (C. harveyi) · Jentink's Duiker (C. jentinki) · Maxwell's Duiker (C. maxwellii) · Red Forest Duiker (C. natalensis) · Ogilby's Duiker (C. ogilbyi) · Peters's Duiker (C. callipygus) · Red-flanked Duiker (C. rufilatus) · Ruwenzori Duiker (C. rubidis) · Weyns's Duiker (C. weynsi) · White-bellied Duiker (C. leucogaster) · Yellow-backed Duiker (C. Sylvicultor) · Zebra Duiker (C. zebra)

Sylvicapra	Common Duiker (S. grimmia)

Hippotraginae

Hippotragus	Roan Antelope (H. equinus) · Sable Antelope (H. niger)

Oryx	East African Oryx (O. beisa) · Scimitar Oryx (O. dammah) · Gemsbok (O. gazella) · Arabian Oryx (O. leucoryx)

Addax	Addax (A. nasomaculatus)

Reduncinae

Kobus	Upemba Lechwe (K. anselli) · Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) · Kob (K. kob) · Lechwe (K. leche) · Nile Lechwe (K. megaceros) · Puku (K. vardonii)

Redunca	Southern Reedbuck (R. arundinum) · Mountain Reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) · Bohor Reedbuck (R. redunca)

Aepycerotinae

Aepyceros	Impala (A. melampus)

Peleinae

Pelea	Grey Rhebok (P. capreolus)

Alcelaphinae

Beatragus	Hirola (B. hunteri)

Damaliscus	Korrigum (D. korrigum) · Common Tsessebe (D. lunatus) · Bontebok (D. pygargus) · Bangweulu Tsessebe (D. superstes)

Alcelaphus	Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) · Red Hartebeest (A. caama) · Lichtenstein's Hartebeest (A. lichtensteinii)

Connochaetes	Black Wildebeest (C. gnou) · Blue Wildebeest (C. taurinus)

Pantholopinae

Pantholops	Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

Caprinae

Large subfamily listed below

Bovinae

Large subfamily listed below

Antilopinae

Large subfamily listed below

Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)

Ammotragus	Barbary Sheep (A. lervia)

Budorcas	Takin (B. taxicolor)

Capra	Wild goat (C. aegagrus) · West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) · East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) · Markhor (C. falconeri) · Alpine ibex (C. ibex) · Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) · *Spanish ibex (C. pyrenaica)* · Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) · Walia ibex (C. walie)

Hemitragus	Nilgiri tahr (H. hylocrius) · Arabian tahr (H. jayakari) · Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)

Naemorhedus	Red goral (N. baileyi) · Japanese serow (N. crispus) · Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) · Himalayan goral (N. goral) · Mainland serow (N. sumatraensis) · Taiwan serow (N. swinhoei)

Oreamnos	Mountain goat (O. americanus)

Ovibos	Muskox (O. moschatus)

Ovis	Argali (O. ammon) · Domestic sheep (O. aries) · Bighorn Sheep (O. canadensis) · Dall Sheep (O. dalli) · Mouflon (O. musimon) · Snow sheep (O. nivicola) · Urial (O. orientalis)

Pseudois	Bharal (P. nayaur) · Dwarf blue Sheep (P. schaeferi)

Rupicapra	Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) · Chamois (R. rupicapra)

Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)

Boselaphini

Tetracerus	Four-horned Antelope (T. quadricornis)

Boselaphus	Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)

Bovini

Bubalus	Water Buffalo (B. bubalus) · Lowland Anoa (B. depressicornis) · Mountain Anoa (B. quarlesi) · Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)

Bos	Banteng (B. javanicus) · Gaur (B. gaurus) · Yak (B. mutus) · Cattle (B. taurus) · Kouprey (B. sauveli) · Zebu (B. indicus)

Pseudonovibos	Kting Voar (P. spiralis)

Pseudoryx	Saola (P. nghetinhensis)

Syncerus	African Buffalo (S. caffer)

Bison	American Bison (B. bison) · Wisent (B. bonasus)

Strepsicerotini

Tragelaphus	Sitatunga (T. spekeii) · Nyala (T. angasii) · Bushbuck (T. scriptus) · Mountain Nyala (T. buxtoni) · Lesser Kudu (T. imberbis) · Greater Kudu (T. strepsiceros) · Bongo (T. eurycerus)

Taurotragus	Common Eland (T. oryx) · Giant Eland (T. derbianus)

Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)

Antilopini

Ammodorcas	Dibatag (A. clarkei)

Antidorcas	Springbok (A. marsupialis)

Antilope	Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)

Gazella	Mountain Gazelle (G. gazella) · Neumann's Gazelle (G. erlangeri) · Speke's Gazelle (G. spekei) · Dorcas Gazelle (G. dorcas) · Saudi Gazelle (G. saudiya) · Chinkara (G. bennettii) · Thomson's Gazelle (G. thomsonii) · Red-fronted Gazelle (G. rufifrons) · Dama Gazelle (G. dama) · Grant's Gazelle (G. granti) · Soemmerring's Gazelle (G. soemmerringii) · Cuvier's Gazelle (G. cuvieri) · Rhim Gazelle (G. leptoceros) · Goitered Gazelle (G. subgutturosa)

Litocranius	Gerenuk (L. walleri)

Procapra	Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) · Goa (P. picticaudata) · Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)

Saigini

Pantholops	Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)

Saiga	Saiga Antelope (S. tatarica)

Neotragini

Dorcatragus	Beira (D. megalotis)

Madoqua	Günther's Dik-dik (M. guentheri) · Kirk's Dik-dik (M. kirkii) · Silver Dik-dik (M. piacentinii) · Salt's Dik-dik (M. saltiana)

Neotragus	Bates's Pygmy Antelope (N. batesi) · Suni (N. moschatus) · Royal Antelope (N. pygmaeus)

Oreotragus	Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)

Ourebia	Oribi (O. ourebi)

Raphicerus	Steenbok (R. campestris) · Cape Grysbok (R. melanotis) · Sharpe's Grysbok (R. sharpei)

Suborder Suina

Suidae

Babyrousa	Buru Babirusa (B. babyrussa) · North Sulawesi Babirusa (B. celebensis) · Togian Babirusa (B. togeanensis)

Hylochoerus	Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)

Phacochoerus	Desert Warthog (P. aethiopicus) · Warthog (P. africanus)

Porcula	Pygmy Hog (P. salvania)

Potamochoerus	Bushpig (P. larvatus) · Red River Hog (P. porcus)

Sus	Palawan Bearded Pig (S. ahoenobarbus) · Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) · Indo-chinese Warty Pig (S. bucculentus) · Visayan Warty Pig (S. cebifrons) · Celebes Warty Pig (S. celebensis) · Flores Warty Pig (S. heureni) · Oliver's Warty Pig (S. oliveri) · Philippine Warty Pig (S. philippensis) · Boar (S. scrofa) · Timor Warty Pig (S. timoriensis) · Javan Pig (S. verrucosus)

Tayassuidae

Tayassu	White-lipped Peccary (T. pecari)

Catagonus	Chacoan Peccary (C. wagneri)

Pecari	Collared Peccary (P. tajacu) · Giant Peccary (P. maximus)

Suborder Tylopoda

Camelidae

Lama	Llama (L. glama) · Guanaco (L. guanicoe)

Vicugna	Vicuña (V. vicugna) · Alpaca (V. pacos)

Camelus	Dromedary (C. dromedarius) · Bactrian Camel (C. bactrianus)

Cetartiodactyla (unranked clade, higher than Artiodactyla)

Hippopotamidae

Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)

Choeropsis	Pygmy Hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)

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