The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List (July, 2007) http://www.iucnredlist.org
• 1983. Elephant Seals. Pp. 1130-1132 in R Nowak, J Paradiso, eds. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2, 4 Edition. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• 2. Hindell, M.A. (2002) Elephant Seals. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London, UK.
• 2002. Elephant Seal. Pp. unknown in P Lagasse, ed. Columbia Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, sixth Edition. New York: Columbia University Press. Accessed February 08, 2004 at http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/e1/elphnt-se.asp.
• 2002. Elephant Seals. Pp. 370-373 in W Perrin, B Wursig, J Thewissen, eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Vol. 1, 1 Edition. San Diego: Academic Press.
• 2003. "Southern Elephant Seal" (On-line). Tasmania Online-Parks and Wildlife. Accessed February 08, 2004 at http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-53K6XV?open.
• 3. CITES (December, 2004) http://www.cites.org
• 4. Jefferson, T.A., Leatherwood, S. and Webber, M.A. (1993) FAO Species Identification Guide. Marine Mammals of the World. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
• 5. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 6. Le Boeuf, B.J. and Laws, R.M. (1994) Elephant seals: population ecology, behaviour and physiology. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
• 7. Reeves, R.R. (2002) Conservation Efforts. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London, UK.
• 8. UNEP-WCMC (July, 2007) http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/macquari.html
• Anderson, G. 2003. "Elephant Seals" (On-line). Marine Science. Accessed February 08, 2004 at http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/05nekton/esindex.htm.
• Baldi, R., C. Campagna, S. Pedraza, B. Le Boeuf. 1996. Social effects of space on the breeding behavior of elephant seals in Patagonia. Animal Behaviour, 51: 717-724.
• Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2010). Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=231413 on 2012-05-24
• Briggs, K., G. Morejohn. 1976. Dentiton, cranial morphology and evolution in elephant seals. Mammalia, 40: 199-222.
• Carroll, P. 2002. "The Kerguelen Island, Southern Indian Ocean" (On-line). Accessed December 04, 2002 at http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/kerguelen/kerguelen_islands.html.
• Crown. 1997. "Southern Elephant Seal (Sea Elephant)" (On-line). Department of Conservation (New Zealand). Accessed February 04, 2004 at http://www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/001~Plants-and-Animals/003~Marine-Mammals/Southern-Elephant-Seal-(Sea-Elephant).asp.
• ESRG - Filippo Galimberti & Simona Sanvito. 2002. "The Elephant Seals page" (On-line). Accessed February 08, 2004 at http://www.eleseal.org/index.html.
• Englehard, G., A. Baarspul, M. Broekman, J. Creuwels, P. Reijnders. 2002. Human disturbance, nursing behaviour, and lactational pup growth in a declining southern elephant seal population. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80/11: 1876-1886.
• Foy, Sally; Oxford Scientific Films. 1982. The Grand Design: Form and Colour in Animals. Lingfield, Surrey, U.K.: BLA Publishing Limited for J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd, Aldine House, London. 238 p.
• Galimberti, F., A. Fabiani, L. Boitani. 2003. Socio-spatial levels of linearity analysis of dominance hierarvhies: a case study on elephant seals. Journal of Ethology, 21/2: 131-136.
• Gordon DP, Beaumont J, MacDiarmid A, Robertson DA, Ahyong ST. 2010. Marine Biodiversity of Aotearoa New Zealand. PLoS ONE 5(8): e10905. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010905
• Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
• Hindell, M. 1991. Some life-history parameters of a declining population of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina . Journal of Animal Ecology, 60: 119-134.
• Hindell, M., B. McConnell, M. Fedak, D. Slip, H. Burton. 1999. Environmental and physiological determinants of successful foraging by native southern elephant seal pups during their first trip to sea. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77: 1807-1821.
• Longevity Records: Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish (Online source)
• McCann, T. 1980. Population structure and social organization of southern elephant seals. Journal of the Linnaen Society, 14: 133-150.
• McCann, T. 1982. Aggressive and maternal activites of female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Animal Behavior, 30: 268-276.
• McConell, B., M. Fedak, H. Burton, G. Englehard, P. Reijnders. 2002. Movements and foraging areas of naive, recently weaned southern elephant seal pups. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71/1: 65-78.
• Muñoz-Pedreros A & J Yáñez (2000) Mamíferos de Chile. CEA Ediciones, Chile. 463 p.
• Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
• N. A. Mackintosh, A survey of antarctic biology up to 1945. In: Biologie antarctique, R. Carrick, M. Holdgate, J. Prevost, Eds. (Hermann, Paris, 1964), pp. 3-38.
• Raymond B, Shaffer SA, Sokolov S, Woehler EJ, Costa DP, et al. 2010. Shearwater Foraging in the Southern Ocean: The Roles of Prey Availability and Winds. PLoS ONE 5(6): e10960. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010960
• Rice, D. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World-Systematics and Distribution. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press Inc..
• Rice, Dale W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. ix + 231
• Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.
• Ronald Nowak (2003) Walker's Marine Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.
• Seal Conservation Society. 2001. "Southern Elephant Seal" (On-line). Seal Conservation Society. Accessed February 04, 2004 at http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/selephnt.htm.
• Slip, D. 1995. The diet of southern elepahant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Heard Island. Candian Journal of Zoology, 73: 1519-1528.
• Slip, D., M. Clippingdale. 2002. "Elephant Seals" (On-line). Australian Antarctic Division. Accessed February 04, 2004 at http://www.antdiv.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1733.
• UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
• Van Der Toorn, J. 1999. "Elephant Seals" (On-line). Accessed December 02, 2002 at http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jaap/elepseal.htm.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142
• Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204