Gray foxes are found in the lower half of the Nearctic and northwestern part of the Neotropics. More specifically, their range spans from southern Canada to Venezuela and Columbia, excluding portions of the Great Plains and mountainous regions of northwestern United States and eastern coast of Central America.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Global Range: Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado in the west and the U.S.-Canadian border in the east, south through Mexico and Central America to northern Colombia and Venezuela (Wozencraft, in Wilson and Reeder 1993). See Steers (1979 COSEWIC report) for information on distribution in Canada.

Fully grown gray foxes display a mix of white, red, black and gray fur. However, new born pups tend to be dark brown. Gray foxes are medium-sized canids with elongated bodies and relatively short legs. They usually weigh between 3 and 5 kg, but can weigh up to 9 kg. Individuals at high elevation are slightly larger than their low elevation counterparts. Males are slightly larger than females, and skeletal measurements show that males have longer pelvises and calcanea, wider scapulae and more robust limb bones. In general, gray foxes can grow up to 1 m in length. Their tail makes up approximately one-third of their total body length and has a distinct black stripe along the dorsal surface and a black tip. The top of the head, back, sides, and rest of the tail are gray with the belly, chest, legs and sides of the face being reddish brown. The cheeks, muzzle and throat are white. Gray foxes have oval-shaped pupils and the area around the eyes has a thin black stripe from the outside corner of the eye to the side of the head. Additionally, a thick black stripe runs from the inside corner of the eye, down the muzzle to the mouth. They are sometimes misidentified as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes); however, red foxes have slit-shaped eyes, larger feet, longer legs, and a leaner body.

Range mass: 2 to 9 kg.

Range length: 800 to 1125 mm.

Average length: 1000 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Length: 113 cm

Weight: 5900 grams

• Terrestrial

Gray foxes prefer to live in deciduous forests interspersed with brushy, woodland areas. Many populations thrive where woodlands and farmlands meet; however, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are known to frequent agricultural areas more than gray foxes. Proximity to water is a key feature of preferred habitat as well. Dens are usually located in hollow trees or logs, in crevices between and under large rocks, and in underground burrows. Dens have also been found in the lower forest canopy, 10 m above the forest floor, in hollow tree trunks and limbs. Gray foxes are the only member of the Canidae family that can climb trees. They are most often found below 3000 m in elevation.

Range elevation: 1000 to 3000 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

Comments: Often in woodland and shrubland in rough, broken country. Usually avoids open areas. May climb tree to avoid danger. Dens in cleft, small cave, hollow in tree or log, or debris pile; less frequently in burrow abandoned by other mammal.

Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

Gray foxes are omnivorous. Although they prey on small vertebrates, fruit and invertebrates also form a substantial part of their diet. Cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus), mice (Peromyscus), woodrats (Neotoma), and cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) form the majority of their winter diet. In the Sonoran Desert, the fruit of the California palm makes up a significant portion of their winter diet. With the onset of spring, fruits become an increasingly important part of their diet, at times making up 70% of its diet. Invertebrates, fruits, nuts, and grains also increase in importance during the spring. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are the preferred invertebrates. When available, gray foxes may also feed on carrion. When gray foxes accumulate an excess amount of food, they cache it by digging a hole with their forepaws and burying it. Immediately afterwards, they mark it with urine or using their scent glands on their paws and tail in an effort to ward off other animals as well as to make it easier to relocate.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; eggs; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Insectivore , Scavenger ); herbivore (Frugivore , Granivore ); omnivore

Comments: Opportunistic omnivore. Often chiefly depends on rabbits and other small mammals in winter, insects and fruit in summer. Overall diet may be dominated by plant material in some areas.

Gray foxes have a small, but important role in our ecosystems. Their feeding habits allow them to influence small rodent (Rodentia) populations by maintaining a steady predator-prey relationship. They serve as a host to many parasitic arthropods, including fleas (Siphonaptera), lice (Phthiraptera), ticks (Ixodida), chiggers (Trombidiformes), and mites (Acari). Gray foxes are also host to a number of internal parasites including nematodes (Nematoda), flukes (Trematoda), tapeworms (Cestoda), and acanthocephalans (acanthocephala)

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

• nematodes (Nematoda)
• flukes (Trematoda)
• tapeworms (Cestoda)
• acanthocephalans (acanthocephala)
• fleas (Siphonaptera)
• lice (Phthiraptera)
• ticks (Ixodida)
• chiggers (Trombidiformes)
• mites (Acari)

Gray foxes primary predators include bobcats (Lynx rufus), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and coyotes (Canis latrans). In the southern region of the United States, gray fox abundance is highly dependent on coyote abundance. Other than death by natural causes, humans may be responsible for the greatest number of deaths and therefore may be their largest threat. Hunting, trapping and retaliatory killings by livestock ranchers are not uncommon. Unlike red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which evade predators by using their superior agility, gray foxes escape by hiding under cover (e.g., brush piles). When escaping terrestrial predators, gray foxes can use their retractable claws to climb trees.

Known Predators:

• coyote (Canis latrans)
• bobcat (Lynx rufus)
• golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
• great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)

Home range up to a few square miles in winter, less in summer (Richards and Hine 1953). Home ranges may or may not overlap. Probably reaches peak densities every 10 years. Probably averages around one family for every 4 square miles.

Like other members of the family Canidae, gray foxes are able to communicate by barking and growling. Males have been observed trying to attract potential mates by raising their hind leg to show off their genitalia. As juveniles, gray foxes commonly play fight. As adults, they use their scent glands to mark territories and food sources.

Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; acoustic

Comments: Primarily crepuscular and nocturnal, but often active in daytime.

Lifespan for both captive and wild gray foxes ranges from 6 to 8 years. However, the oldest recorded wild gray fox was 10 years old at time of capture, and the oldest captive gray fox lived to be 12 years old.

Gray foxes generally live for 6 to 8 years. The oldest wild gray fox was 10 years old when captured. The oldest gray fox in captivity lived to be 12 years old.

Range lifespan

Status: wild: 6 to 10 years.

Range lifespan

Status: captivity: 6 to 12 years.

Typical lifespan

Status: wild: 6 to 8 years.

Typical lifespan

Status: captivity: 6 to 8 years.

Gray foxes are solitary animals that socialize only during mating season. They are typically monogamous, although in rare cases polygamy and polyandry occur. For a short period of time after parturition, family groups consisting of male, female, and young exist. Male-female pairings form in the fall with breeding occurring in the winter. During October and September, attracting mates become more competitive and males usually display more aggression while retaining and defending mates. Similar to domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), gray foxes have scent glands just inside the anus. Additional scent glands are found on their face and the pads of their feet. Although these glands are primarily used to demarcate territory, they may also be used to attract potential mates.

Mating System: monogamous

Breeding season varies with geographic region, elevation, and habitat quality. Breeding occurs in yearly cycles, beginning in January through late February, continuing into March. In some areas (e.g., Texas), breeding has been observed as early as December. Parturition occurs after about 2 months of gestation, peaking in April, with an average litter size of 3.8 pups, which weigh about 86 g at birth. Pups are typically weaned by 3 to 4 weeks, but may not be completely weaned until 6 weeks. Both genders are sexually mature by 10 months old, soon after dispersal. Annual onset of spermatogenesis occurs earlier and last longer than estrus. If they have been exposed to significant levels of the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol, females may experience delayed fertilization.

Breeding interval: Gray foxes breed once yearly.

Breeding season: December through March.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 7.

Average number of offspring: 3.8.

Range gestation period: 53 to 63 days.

Average gestation period: 59 days.

Range birth mass: 65 to 110 g.

Average birth mass: 86 g.

Range weaning age: 2 to 6 weeks.

Range time to independence: 10 to 17 months.

Average time to independence: 12 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 10 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 10 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); viviparous

Average number of offspring: 4.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

Sex: male: 365 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

Sex: female: 345 days.

Both genders take care of offspring in gray foxes. Before birth, males do a majority of the hunting, while females look for and prepare a suitable den. Weaning begins around 2 to 3 weeks of age. Pups begin eating solid food around 3 weeks old, which is primarily provided by the father. Parents teach pups how to hunt at around 4 months old. Until then, both parents prey for food separately, and pups practice their hunting skills by pouncing and stalking, which is primarily taught by the father. Pups depend on their parents for defense until about 10 months old, at which point they become sexually mature and disperse.

Parental Investment: precocial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

Breeds mainly in winter. Gestation lasts 51-63 days (average 53). Parturition occurs in April or May in the south-central U.S. Litter size averages 3-5. Parturition occurs March-April. Weaned in 8-10 weeks. Sexually mature within 1 year.

Gray foxes are abundant throughout most areas in the lower two-thirds of North America. They have no special conservation status at this time. Although they are trapped and hunted by humans, there does not appear to be any immediate threat.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N3 - Vulnerable

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

Gray foxes are considered a problem species by poultry farmers. However, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are commonly misidentified as gray foxes, and commonly attack and kill poultry as well. In addition, gray foxes carry zoonotic diseases that could be a potential health threat to humans (e.g., rabies) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris; e.g., tularemia and canine distemper).

Negative Impacts: injures humans (causes disease in humans , carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease

Gray foxes are hunted and trapped for their pelt. Compared to red fox (Vulpes vulpes), gray fox pelts are less desirable because the hairs are coarser and shorter. Gray foxes may also help control the abundance of certain agricultural pests, including rodents (Rodentia) and rabbits (Leporidae).

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population

Comments: Trapped for pelt.

Comments: Has been placed in the genus Canis or in the genus Vulpes by some authors (as recently as the 1970s). Urocyon cinereoargenteus and U. littoralis have been regarded as possibly conspecific by some authors; treated as distinct species by Jones et al. (1992) and Wozencraft (in Wilson and Reeder 2005).