The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List (November, 2008) http://www.iucnredlist.org
• 1996. database, NODC Taxonomic Code
• 1998. website, Mammal Species of the World
• 2. Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 3. Culik, B.M. (2002) Review on Small Cetaceans: Distribution, Migration and Threats. UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. Available at www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/index.htm
• 4. MarineBio.org (April, 2005) http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=336
• 5. CITES (April, 2005) http://www.cites.org
• 6. CMS (April, 2005) http://www.cms.int
• 7. Berne Convention (April, 2005) http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/conventions/bern/default_en.asp
• 8. Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. (2008) Pers. Comm.
• 9. Cetaceans of the World (May, 2005) http://www.sci.tamucc.edu/tmmsn/29Species/MoreSpec/narwhal.html
• Arkive link
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes. 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes. 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79
• C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae (Stockholm)
• Hay, K. A. and Mansfield, A. W. 1989. Narwhal Monodon monoceros Linneaus, 1758. In: S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison (eds), Handbook of marine mammals, pp. 145-176. Academic Press, London, UK.
• Hay, K. A. and Mansfield, A. W. 1989. Narwhal Monodon monoceros Linneaus, 1758. In: S. H. Ridgway and R. Harrison (eds), Handbook of marine mammals, pp. 145-176. Academic Press, London, UK.
• IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
• Klinowska, M. 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales. The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
• Laidre, K.L., Heide-Jørgensen,M.P., & Dietz, R. 2002. Diving behaviour of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) at two coastal localities in the Canadian High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 624-635.
• Laidre, K.L., Heide-Jørgensen,M.P., & Dietz, R. 2002. Diving behaviour of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) at two coastal localities in the Canadian High Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 624-635.
• Linda Geddes. 2005. What's the point of the narwhal's tusk?. New Scientist. 188(2531/2532):
• M. J. Dunbar, Arctic and subarctic marine ecology: immediate problems, Arctic 7:213-228, from p. 223 (1954).
• M. S. W. Bradstreet and W. E. Cross, Trophic relationships at High Arctic ice edges, Arctic 3(1)5:1-12, from p. 9 (1982).
• MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.  
• Margaret Klinowska (1991) Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.
• Mead, James G., and Robert L. Brownell, Jr. / Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Order Cetacea. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vol. 1
• Mead, James G., and Robert L. Brownell, Jr. / Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Order Cetacea. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vol. 1. 723-743
• Minasian, S. 1986. The World's Whales. New York: Academic Press.
• Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
• Original description: Linnaeus, C., 1758.  Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth Edition, Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1:75, 824 pp.
• Orrell T. (custodian) (2013). ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (version Sept 12). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 11th March 2013 (Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Perrin, W. (2012). Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758. In: Perrin, W.F. (2012) World Cetacea Database. Accessed through: Perrin, W.F. (2012) World Cetacea Database at http://www.marinespecies.org/cetacea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137116 on 2013-03-02
• Reeves, R., S. Tracey. 1980. *Monodon monoceros*. Mammalian Species, 127: 1-7.
• Reeves, Randall R., and Sharon Tracy. 1980. Monodon monoceros. Mammalian Species, no. 127
• Reeves, Randall R., and Sharon Tracy. 1980. Monodon monoceros. Mammalian Species, no. 127. 1-7
• Rice, Dale W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4
• Rice, Dale W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. ix + 231
• True, Frederick W. 1885. Suggestions to the keepers of the U. S. Lifesaving stations, light-houses, and light-ships, and to other observers, relative to the best means of collecting and preserving specimens of whales and porpoises. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Report of the Commissioner (United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries), 1883; Plate V-15
• UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1992. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207
• Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World
• Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204
• Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds. 1999. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals
• Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds. 1999. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. xxv + 750
• van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376