Ecology
Habitat
Depth range based on 1593 specimens in 39 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 393 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -3 - 168
Temperature range (°C): -1.377 - 12.348
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.682 - 17.836
Salinity (PPS): 7.618 - 35.363
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.958 - 8.061
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.048 - 1.480
Silicate (umol/l): 2.228 - 20.289
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -3 - 168
Temperature range (°C): -1.377 - 12.348
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.682 - 17.836
Salinity (PPS): 7.618 - 35.363
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.958 - 8.061
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.048 - 1.480
Silicate (umol/l): 2.228 - 20.289
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 393 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -3 - 168
Temperature range (°C): -1.377 - 12.348
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.682 - 17.836
Salinity (PPS): 7.618 - 35.363
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.958 - 8.061
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.048 - 1.480
Silicate (umol/l): 2.228 - 20.289
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -3 - 168
Temperature range (°C): -1.377 - 12.348
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.682 - 17.836
Salinity (PPS): 7.618 - 35.363
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.958 - 8.061
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.048 - 1.480
Silicate (umol/l): 2.228 - 20.289
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Trusted
Associations
Known predators
Littorina (Littorina, Tegula) is prey of:
Eurytium
Thais lapillus
Leptasterias
Pisaster
Searlesia
Thais lima
Gobioidei
Pleuronectiformes
Tadorna
Tringa
Calidris
Calidris alpina
Carcinus
Tautogolabrus
Actinopterygii
Aves
Mammalia
Acanthina
Cribina
Based on studies in:
USA: Georgia (Marine)
USA: New England (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Alaska, Torch Bay (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington, Cape Flattery (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: California, Cabrillo Point (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Scotland, Ythan estuary (Littoral, Mudflat)
USA: Maine, Gulf of Maine (Littoral, Rocky shore)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
Eurytium
Thais lapillus
Leptasterias
Pisaster
Searlesia
Thais lima
Gobioidei
Pleuronectiformes
Tadorna
Tringa
Calidris
Calidris alpina
Carcinus
Tautogolabrus
Actinopterygii
Aves
Mammalia
Acanthina
Cribina
Based on studies in:
USA: Georgia (Marine)
USA: New England (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Alaska, Torch Bay (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington, Cape Flattery (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: California, Cabrillo Point (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Scotland, Ythan estuary (Littoral, Mudflat)
USA: Maine, Gulf of Maine (Littoral, Rocky shore)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- B. A. Menge and J. P. Sutherland, Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity, Am. Nat. 110(973):351-369, from p. 355 (1976).
- B. A. Menge and J. P. Sutherland, Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity, Am. Nat.
- B. A. Menge and J. P. Sutherland, Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity, Am. Nat. 110(973):351-369, from p. 360 (1976).
- R. T. Paine, Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure, J. Anim. Ecol. 49:667-685, from p. 670 (1980).
- H. Milne and G. M. Dunnet, Standing crop, productivity and trophic relations of the fauna of the Ythan estuary. In: The Estuarine Environment, R. S. K. Barnes and J. Green, Eds. (Applied Science Publications, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1972), pp. 86-106, from
- D. C. Edwards, D. O. Conover, F. Sutter, Mobile predators and the structure of marine intertidal communities, Ecology 63(4):1175-1180, from p. 1178 (1982).
- W. G. Hewatt, Ecological studies on selected marine intertidal communities of Monterey Bay, California, Am. Midl. Nat. 18(2):161-206, from p. 196 (1937).
- J. M. Teal, Energy flow in the salt marsh ecosystem of Georgia, Ecology 43(4):614-624, from p. 616 (1962).
© SPIRE project
Source:
SPIRE
Trusted
Known prey organisms
Littorina (Littorina, Tegula) preys on:
Spartina
algae
bacteria
Bacillariophyceae
Enteromorpha
Chaetomorpha
Cladophora
detritus
encrusting and mat-forming algae
Based on studies in:
USA: Georgia (Marine)
USA: New England (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Alaska, Torch Bay (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington, Cape Flattery (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Maine, Gulf of Maine (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Barbados (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Scotland, Ythan estuary (Littoral, Mudflat)
USA: California, Cabrillo Point (Littoral, Rocky shore)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
Spartina
algae
bacteria
Bacillariophyceae
Enteromorpha
Chaetomorpha
Cladophora
detritus
encrusting and mat-forming algae
Based on studies in:
USA: Georgia (Marine)
USA: New England (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Alaska, Torch Bay (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Washington, Cape Flattery (Littoral, Rocky shore)
USA: Maine, Gulf of Maine (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Barbados (Littoral, Rocky shore)
Scotland, Ythan estuary (Littoral, Mudflat)
USA: California, Cabrillo Point (Littoral, Rocky shore)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
- B. A. Menge and J. P. Sutherland, Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity, Am. Nat. 110(973):351-369, from p. 355 (1976).
- B. A. Menge and J. P. Sutherland, Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity, Am. Nat.
- B. A. Menge and J. P. Sutherland, Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity, Am. Nat. 110(973):351-369, from p. 360 (1976).
- R. T. Paine, Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure, J. Anim. Ecol. 49:667-685, from p. 670 (1980).
- F. Briand, unpublished observations
- H. Milne and G. M. Dunnet, Standing crop, productivity and trophic relations of the fauna of the Ythan estuary. In: The Estuarine Environment, R. S. K. Barnes and J. Green, Eds. (Applied Science Publications, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1972), pp. 86-106, from
- D. C. Edwards, D. O. Conover, F. Sutter, Mobile predators and the structure of marine intertidal communities, Ecology 63(4):1175-1180, from p. 1178 (1982).
- W. G. Hewatt, Ecological studies on selected marine intertidal communities of Monterey Bay, California, Am. Midl. Nat. 18(2):161-206, from p. 196 (1937).
- J. M. Teal, Energy flow in the salt marsh ecosystem of Georgia, Ecology 43(4):614-624, from p. 616 (1962).
© SPIRE project
Source:
SPIRE
Trusted
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
| Specimen Records: | 945 | Public Records: | 526 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 690 | Public Species: | 6 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 593 | Public BINs: | 5 |
| Species: | 22 | ||
| Species With Barcodes: | 20 | ||
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Barcode data
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Locations of barcode samples
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Wikipedia
Littorina
Not to be confused with the Italian city of Latina (originally Littoria). For the Italian MU trains named "Littorina", see Multiple unit or Railcar.
Littorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. [2]
These small snails live in the tidal zone of rocky shores.
Contents |
Overview
In Europe there are about nine species in this genus, one of which is the rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792). Another closely related (supposed) species Littorina tenebrosa (Montagu 1802) was thought to be distinct because of its different ecological requirements, but current studies have shown that it is not at all clear whether the two are indeed separate species or whether L. tenebrosa is perhaps merely an ecotype (an ecological form) of L. saxatilis.[3]
Littorina has given its name to the Littorina Sea, the geologic precursor of the Baltic Sea.
Distribution
The periwinkles are found on the seashore in the littoral zone and sublittoral zone in all parts of the world. In the Baltic they live within the influence of freshwater, and frequently become distorted in consequence.
Description
The thick, pointed shell is turbinated and has few whorls. The aperture is rounded. The outer lip is acute. The columella is rather flattened and imperforate. The operculum is paucispiral. The lingual teeth are hooked and trilobed. The uncini (small teeth on the radula) are hooked and dentated. [4]
Species
The type species:Turbo littoreus Linnaeus, 1758 restricts the species in this genus to the northern hemisphere, moderate and cold zones. The tropical species belong in other genera of the same family [5]
Species in the genus Littorina include [2]
- Littorina aleutica Dall, 1872
- Littorina arcana Hannaford-Ellis, 1978
- Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844)
- Littorina compressa Jeffreys, 1865
- Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
- Littorina horikawai Matsubayashi & Habe in Habe, 1979
- Littorina islandica Reid, 1996 †
- Littorina kasatka Reid, Zaslavskaya & Sergievsky, 1991
- Littorina keenae Rosewater, 1978
- Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758), common periwinkle
- Littorina mandshurica (Schrenk, 1861)
- Littorina natica Reid, 1996
- Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758), flat periwinkle
- Littorina petricola Arnold, 1908 †
- Littorina plena Gould, 1849
- Littorina remondii Gabb, 1866 †
- Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792), rough periwinkle
- Littorina scutulata Gould, 1849, checkered periwinkle
- Littorina sitkana Philippi, 1846
- † Littorina sookensis Clark & Arnold, 1923
- Littorina squalida Broderip & Sowerby, 1829
- Littorina subrotundata (Carpenter, 1864)
- Littorina varia[citation needed]
- Littorina zebra[citation needed]
- Species brought into synonymy
- Littorina aestuarii Jeffreys, 1865: synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Littorina affinis d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
- Littorina angulifera is a synonym for Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822)
- Littorina arenica Jay, 1839: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
- Litorina arenica Dunker, 1845: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
- Littorina canariensis d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
- Litorina globosa Dunker, 1845: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
- Littorina granularis Gray, 1839: synonym of Echinolittorina miliaris (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
- Littorina lamellosa Souverbie, 1861: synonym of Fossarus lamellosus (Souverbie, 1861)
- Littorina marnat Potiez & Michaud, 1838: synonym of Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
- Littorina obesa (G.B. Sowerby, 1832): synonym of Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791)
- Littorina petraeus (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Littorina planaxis G.B. Sowerby I, 1844: synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
- Littorina saxatilis jugosa Montagu, 1803: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
- Littorina saxatilis nigrolineata Gray, 1839: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
- Littorina striata is a synonym for Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832) [6]
- Littorina undulata Gray, 1839: synonym of Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839)
- Littorina unifasciata antipodum: synonym of Austrolittorina antipodum (Philippi, 1847)
- Littorina ziczac is a synonym for Echinolittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791)
- Littorina zonaria Bean, 1844: synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
References
- ^ Férussac A. É d'A de (1822). H.N. g. et p. Moll., Tabl. gén., xxxiv.
- ^ a b c WoRMS (2011). Littorina Férussac, 1822. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138135 on 2011-04-15
- ^ Gosling, E.M. (2002). The periwinkle as a model in biodiversity studies: a geneticist's view. in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Ulster Museum. publication no. 8
- ^ Georges Washington Tryon, Structural and systematic conchology, 1882
- ^ Bandel, K. & D. Kadolsky (1982). Western Atlantic Species of Nodolittorina (Gastropda: Prosobranchia): comparative morphology and its functional, ecological, phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. Veliger 25 (1): 1-42.
- ^ S T Williams, D G Reid, D T J Littlewood (2003). "A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism, and biogeography of the Southern Ocean.". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1 (1): 60–86. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00038-1. PMID 12801472.
- Reid D.G. (1996). Systematics and evolution of Littorina. The Ray Society 463p
Source:
Wikipedia
Unreviewed
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