The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List (April, 2003) http://www.redlist.org
• 2. Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 3. Richardson, M. (2006) Pers. Comm.
• 4. CITES (April, 2003) http://www.cites.org
• 5. Primate Info Net (April, 2003) http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/factsheets/pan_paniscus.html
• 6. Burnie, D. (2001) Animal. Dorling Kindersley, London.
• 7. Bushmeat Working Group (CITES) (April, 2003) http://bushmeat.net
• 8. GRASP (April, 2003) http://www.unep.org/grasp/
• 9. Bonobo Conservation Initiative (April, 2003) http://www.bonobo.org
• Badrian, A., N. Badrian. 1984. Social organization of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire. Pp. 325-346 in R Susman, ed. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Badrian, N., R. Malenky. 1984. Feeding ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire. Pp. 275-299 in R Susman, ed. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Boesch, C. 2002. Behavioural diversity in Pan . Pp. 1-8 in C Boesch, G Hohmann, M Linda, eds. Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos. Cambridge, UK: The Press Cyndicate of the University of Cambridge.
• Dahl, J. 1986. Cyclic perineal swelling during the intermenstrual intervals of captive female pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus). Journal of Human Evolution, 15: 369-385.
• Fruth, B., G. Hohmann. 1993. Ecological and behavioral aspects of nest building in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus). Ethology, 94: 113-126.
• Furuichi et al. (1998) Population dynamics of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba. Int J Primatol, 19:1029-1043.
• Furuichi, T. 1987. Sexual swelling, receptivity, and grouping of wild pygmy chimpanzee females at Wamba, Zaire. Primates, 23/3: 309-318.
• Furuichi, T. 1989. Social interactions and the life history of female Pan paniscus in Wamba, Zaire. International Journal of Primatology, 10/3: 173-197.
• Furuichi, T., G. Idani, H. Ihobe, S. Kuroda, K. Kitamura, A. Mori, T. Enomoto, N. Okayasu, C. Hashimoto, T. Kano. 1998. Population dynamics of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba. International Journal of Primatology, 19/6: 1029-1043.
• Hare, B., & Kwetuenda S. (2010). Bonobos voluntarily share their own food with others. Current Biology. 20, R230-R231.
• Horn, A. 1980. Some observations on the ecology of the bonobo chimpanzee (Pan paniscus, Schwarz 1929) Near Lake Tumba, Zaire. Folia primatologica, 34: 145-169.
• Ihobe, H. 1992. Male-male relationships among wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, Republic of Zaire. Primates, 33/2: 163-179.
• Ihobe, H. 1992. Observations on the meat-eating behavior of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, Republic of Zaire. Primates, 33/2: 247-250.
• Jungers, W., R. Susman. 1984. Body size and skeletal allometry in African apes. Pp. 131-177 in R Susman, ed. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Kano, T. 1979. A pilot study on the ecology of pygmy chimpanzees, Pan paniscus . Pp. 123-135 in D Hamburg, E McCown, eds. The Great Apes: Perspectives on Human Evolution, Volume V, Vol. 5. Menlo Park, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc..
• Kano, T. 1980. Social behavior of wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba: A preliminary report. Journal of Human Evolution, 9: 243-260.
• Kano, T. 1982. The social group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba. Primates, 23/2: 171-188.
• Kano, T. 1983. An ecological study of the pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire. International Journal of Primatology, 4/1: 1-31.
• Kano, T. 1996. Male rank order and copulation rate in a unit-group of bonobos at Wamba, Zaire. Pp. 135-155 in W McGrew, L Marchant, T Nishida, eds. Great Ape Societies. Cambridge, UK: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
• Kano, T., M. Mulavwa. 1984. Feeding ecology of the pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Wamba. Pp. 233-274 in R Susman, ed. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Nishida, T., M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa. 1987. Chimpanzees and bonobos: cooperative relationships among males. Pp. 165-177 in B Smuts, D Cheney, R Seyfarth, R Wrangham, T Struhsaker, eds. Primate Societies. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
• Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.
• Savage-Rumbaugh, E., B. Wilkerson. 1978. Socio-sexual behavior in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: A comparative study. Journal of Human Evolution, 7: 327-344.
• Thompson-Handler, N., R. Malenky, N. Badrian. 1984. Sexual behavior of Pan paniscus under natural cnditions in the Lomako Forest, Equaeteur, Zaire. Pp. 347-368 in R Susman, ed. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
• Uehara, S. 1988. Grouping patterns of wild pygmy chimpanzees (Pan pansicus) observed at a marsh grassland amidst the tropical rain forest of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire. Primates, 29/1: 41-52.
• Uehara, S. 1990. Utilization patterns of a marsh grassland within the tropical rain forest by the bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire. Primates, 31/3: 311-322.
• Van Krunkelsven, E. 2001. Density estimation of bonobos (Pan paniscus) in Salonga National Park, Congo. Biological Conservation, 99: 387-391.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207
• Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204
• Zihlman, A. 1984. Body build and tissue composition in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, with comparisons to other hominoids. Pp. 179-200 in R Susman, ed. The Pygmy Chimpanzee: Evolutionary Biology and Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.