Overview
Distribution
Range Description
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Spider monkeys travel and forage in the upper levels of the forest. They spend much time in the canopy and also use the middle and lower strata but are rarely seen in the understory. In accordance with their use of the highest levels of the forest, they are highly suspensory. When travelling they spend more time hanging from branches, moving by brachiation and arm swinging, and climbing than they do walking or running on all fours. They are highly frugivorous and feed largely on the mature, soft parts of a very wide variety of fruits, which comprise 83% of their diet and are found mainly in the emergent trees and upper part of the forest canopy (Van Roosmalen and Klein 1988). They also eat young leaves and flowers (both especially at times of fruit shortage during the beginning of the dry season), and besides such as young seeds, floral buds, pseudobulbs, aerial roots, bark, decaying wood, and honey, and very occasionally small insects such as termites and caterpillars. They play a significant role as seed dispersers. Van Roosmalen (1985; Van Roosmalen and Klein 1988) found that A. paniscuswas dispersing the seeds of at least 138 species (93.5% of all fruits species used) through their ingestion and subsequent defecation (endozoochory). A further 10 species were being dispersed by the monkeys carrying them off some distance from the tree before dropping them (exozoochory). In only 23 species were the seeds being ruined or eaten (seed predation).
Spider monkeys live in groups of up to 20-30 individuals (for review see Van Roosmalen and Klein 1988). However, they are very rarely all seen together, and nearly always to be found travelling, feeding and resting small in groups of varying size and composition (most usually 2-4), the only persistent association being that of a mother and her offspring (McFarland Symington 1990). Iwanaga and Ferrari (2002) recorded men groups size of 3.34±2.60 (n = 219 sightings) in a number of localities in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Group members will also travel on their own. Each female in the group has a “core area” of the group’s home range which she uses most. Klein and Klein (1976, 1977) estimated 259-388 ha ranges with 20-30% overlap for A. belzebuth in La Macarena National Park, Colombia. Ateles are rarely seen in association with other primates and mostly they are occasional and ephemeral, resulting from the simultaneous occupation of fruiting trees.
MacFarland Symington (1988a,b,c) studied the behaviour, ecology and demography of Ateles chamek in the Manu National Park, Peru (see also White [1985, 1986] who published censuses and preliminary observations on the Majnu population).
Six estimated birth dates given by Klein (1971) for A. belzebuth, were spread throughout the year (December, January, April, September, October and November). Spider monkeys apparently reach sexual maturity at 4-5 years of age (Klein 1971; Eisenberg 1973, 1976). They give birth to single offspring after a long gestation period of 226-232 days, with a minimum theoretical interbirth interval in captivity of 17.5 months, but in the wild probably as long as 28-30 months (Eisenberg 1973, 1976). Late maturation and long inter-birth intervals make it difficult for them to recover from hunting and other threats.
Systems
- Terrestrial
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Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2003Least Concern(IUCN 2003)
- 1996Lower Risk/least concern
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Trends
Population
In Brazil, Peres (1997) estimated densities of Ateles chamek in a number of terra firma sites: Barro Vermelho I 3.1 individuals/km²; Vira Volta 6.0 individuals/km²; Vaoi Quem Quer 9.6 individuals/km²; Riozinho 3.9 individuals/km²; Porongaba 3.1 individuals/km²; Condor 6.0 individuals/km²; Altamira 3.2 individuals/km². Densities in várzea (white-water flooded forest) were similar: Boa Esperança 2.6 individuals/km²; Barro Vermelho II 3.6 individuals/km².
Iwanaga and Ferrari (2002) recorded sighting rates averaging 0.69 individuals/10 km (range 0.11-2.40) at 33 survey sites in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. They found that the sighting rate was slightly lower in areas where A. chamek and Lagothrix cana occurred together (0.58 individuals/10 km) than when L .cana was absent (0.73 individuals/10 km).
Population Trend
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Threats
Threats
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Management
Conservation Actions
Bolivia
Manuripi Heath National Park (1,884,000 ha) (in range)
Amboró National Park (180,000 ha) (in range)
Carrasco National Park (622,600 ha) (in range)
Noel Kempf Mercado National Park (1,500,000 ha) (Wallace et al. 1998)
Isiboro-Secure National Park (1,200,000 ha (in range)
Ríos Blanco y Negro National Reserve (1,423,900 ha) (Wallace et al. 2000)
Beni Biosphere Reserve (Painter et al. 1995)
Beni Biological Station (135 ha) (Garcia and Tarifa 1988)
Brazil
Amazônia National Park (1,114,917 ha) (in range)
Serra dio Divisor National Park (846,408 ha) (in range)
Serra da Cutia National Park (284,923 ha) (in range)
Mapinguari National Park (1,572,422 ha) (in range)
Abufari Biological Reserve (224,819 ha) (in range)
Jaru Biological Reserve (353,386 ha) (in range)
Guaporé Biological Reserve (618,173 ha) (in range)
Jutaí-Solimões Ecological Station (287,101 ha) (in range)
Rio Acre Ecological Station (79,418 ha) (in range)
Iquê Ecological Station (217,184 ha) (in range)
Cuniã Ecological Station (49,886 ha) (in range)
Peru
Manu National Park (Soini et al. 1989; Terborgh 1983)
Bahuaja-Sonene National Park (1,091,416 ha) (in range)
Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve (2,080,000 ha) (Aquino and Encarnación 1994a: Neville et al. (1976) reported one sighting of Ateles chamek in the reserve: Soini et al. (1989) reported that it occurs in low numbers there).
It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
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Wikipedia
Peruvian spider monkey
The Peruvian spider monkey (Ateles chamek) is a species of spider monkey that lives not only in Peru, but also in Brazil and Bolivia. At two feet (0.6 m) long, they are relatively large among species of monkey, and their strong, prehensile tails can be up to three feet (1 m) long. Unlike many species of monkey, they have virtually no thumb. Peruvian spider monkeys live in groups of up to a dozen individuals called bands. They prefer to eat fleshy fruit, and this leads them to move among habitats, but they also eat small animals, insects and leaves based on availability. Females separate from the band to give birth, typically in the fall. Peruvian spider monkey are independent at about 10 months, with a lifespan of about 20 years.
Contents |
Characteristics
The Peruvian spider monkey weighs up to 20 pounds (9 kg.)[3]. Its body can be 24 inches (0.7 m) long and the tail can be 36 inches (1 m)long. It has four elongated fingers and virtually no thumb, which is typical for spider monkeys but unusual for other monkeys. It can move easily through the trees and it uses its tail like an extra limb. It has an agility that can only be compared to the gibbon of Asia. It has a life span of up to 20 years.[4]
Distribution
The range of the Peruvian spider monkey is not limited to Peru but also includes Bolivia and Brazil. [5] They live in the jungles, occupying the canopy and the sub-canopy, and sometimes in the mountains. They live in territorial bands of 6-12 individuals whose territory covers about 20 square kilometers.[6] Band size is somewhat seasonal,[7] probably because females separate themselves from the band for a few months to give birth, primarily in the fall. It has to contest with other spider monkeys, wooly monkeys, and howler monkeys for food and territory.[8]
Food
The Peruvian spider monkey feeds on leaves, berries, small animals such as birds and frogs, flowers, termites, honey, grubs, and fruits. It would rather eat plant matter and insects, but when it finds them, it will eat baby birds, bird eggs, and frogs.[9] In the Amazon, bands of Peruvian spider monkeys show strong seasonal variations in habitat based on the availability of fleshy fruits. [10]
Growth and Reproduction
The spider monkey has a reproductive period that can span throughout the year, though most babies are born in the fall. It has a gestation period of about 140 days. The pregnant female leaves the group to have her baby and returns 2-4 months later. The newborn spider monkey is independent at about 10 months.[11]
In addition to external appearance, the Peruvian spider monkey differs from the red-faced spider monkey by the number of chromosomes (2n = 32 in the red-faced vs. 2n = 34 in the Peruvian) in addition to several specific chromosomal differences. The two species have been interbred in captivity, resulting in offspring with reduced fertility (but not sterility).[12] There are several related species such as the Central American spider monkey or Geoffroy's spider monkey (A. geoffroyi), and the brown spider monkey (A. hybridus). Both of these have a prehensile tail, a thumbless hand, and other characteristics that are found in all spider monkeys.[13]
References
- ^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 150. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100395.
- ^ Wallace, R.B., Mittermeier, R.A., Cornejo, F. & Boubli, J.-P. (2008). "Ateles chamek". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/41547. Retrieved 19 January 2012. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered.
- ^ Haugaasen, T., and Peres, C. Primate assemblage structure in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. American J of Primatology 67:243-258, 2005.
- ^ Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
- ^ Iwanaga, S., Ferrari S.F., 2002. Geographic distribution and abundance of woolly (Lagothrix cana) and spider (Ateles chamek) monkeys in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. American Journal of Primotology.
- ^ Haugaasen, T., and Peres, C. Primate assemblage structure in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. American J of Primatology 67:243-258, 2005.
- ^ Iwanaga, S., Ferrari S.F., 2001. Party Size and Diet of Syntopic Atelids (Ateles chamek and Lagothrix cana) in Southwestern Brazilian Amazonia.
- ^ Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
- ^ Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
- ^ Wallace, R.B. Seasonal variations in black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) habitat use and ranging behavior in a southern Amazonian tropical forest. American J of Primatology 68(4):313-332, 2006.
- ^ Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
- ^ de Boer, L.E.M., de Bruijn, M., 2005. Chromosomal distinction between the red-faced and black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus paniscus and A. chamek.)
- ^ Spider Monkey, Animal The Definitive Visual Guide to the World’s Wildlife, ISBN 0-7894-7764-5 p. 123; Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
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