Overview
Distribution
Range Description
Surveys in 1986/1987 by Oliver and Santos (1991) demonstrated the presence of forms intermediate in appearance between C. kuhlii and C. penicillata north from the Rio de Contas, along the coast up to the regions of Valença and Nazaré, just south of the city of Salvador (Mittermeier et al. 1988). Individuals observed by Rylands near to Nazaré, just south of the city of Salvador lacked the white frontal blaze, and, although retaining the pale cheek patches typical of kuhlii, were paler grey. A photograph of the marmoset from Valença, Bahia, north of the Rio de Contas, is shown in Mittermeier et al. (1988, p.19). The variation in pelage colour of the marmosets in this region is considerable, but Coimbra-Filho et al. (1991/1992), showed that true C. kuhlii extended north through coastal Bahia into the state of Sergipe as far as the Rio São Francisco in the recent past. The present-day confusion has arisen from the widespread forest destruction, most marked and nearly total in Sergipe, and the introductions and invasions of C. jacchus and C. penicillata.
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Geographic Range
Callithrix kuhlii (Weid’s black-tufted-ear marmoset) lives in Southwest Brazil, mainly in the coastal regions.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Weid’s marmosets are relatively small, weighing between 350 and 400 grams, or about 13 ounces. They are generally black with gray head pelage and have a distinctly ringed tail. There is an area of white around their cheeks and forehead, and they have black tufts of hair around their ears. They have nails that are claw-like and lack opposable thumbs.
Range mass: 350 to 400 g.
- 2001. Marmosets and Tamarins. Pp. 678-695 in D Macdonald, ed. The New Encyclopedia of Mammals, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- 2000. "Singapore Zoological Gardens Docents" (On-line). Accessed March 29, 2004 at http://www.szgdocent.org/pp/p-anthrp.htm.
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Marmosets and tamarins are distinguished from the other monkeys of the New World by their small size, modified claws rather than nails on all digits except the big toe, the presence of two as opposed to three molar teeth in either side of each jaw, and by the occurrence of twin births. They eat fruits, flowers, nectar, plant exudates (gums, saps, latex) and animal prey (including frogs, snails, lizards, spiders and insects). Marmosets have morphological and behavioural adaptations for gouging trees trunks, branches and vines of certain species to stimulate the flow of gum, which they eat, and in some species form a notable component of the diet (Coimbra-Filho 1972; Rylands 1984). They live in extended family groups of between four and 15 individuals. Rylands (1982) observed groups sizes of 5 to 9 individuals (mean 6.56 ±1.33, n=8). Generally, only one female per group breeds during a particular breeding season. The groups defend home ranges 10-40 ha, the size depending on availability and distribution of foods and second-growth patches. Rylands (1982, 1989) recorded a home range of 12 ha for a group of 5 individuals.
Rylands (1982, 1984, 1989) studied the behaviour and ecology of C. kuhliii at the Lemos Maia Experimental Station, Una, Bahia. B. Raboy and G. Canale are also studying this species in the Una Biological Reserve (Raboy and Dietz 2000; Raboy et al. 2006).
Size:
Males 482 g (n=55) (Smith and Jungers 1997).
Systems
- Terrestrial
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Habitat
Weid’s black-tufted-ear marmosets live in a variety of forest types, particularly tropical and subtropical forests. These marmosets inhabit the lower part of the trees. It thrives in areas of dense vegetation and new growth.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
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Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Callithrix kuhlii feeds on fruit, flowers, nectar, seeds, insects, and spiders. Sap is a main staple in its diet and it has specialized teeth for gouging holes in tree bark.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; nectar; flowers; sap or other plant fluids
Primary Diet: herbivore (Eats sap or other plant foods)
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Associations
Ecosystem Roles
The holes made by gouging out tree bark provide sap for other animals. Marmosets play a role in pollination and seed dispersal as fruit and nectar are common components of their diet. They may travel extensively throughout their home range every day, pollinating many plants and dispersing seeds. They are also prey for many other species.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates
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Predation
The main predators of marmosets are harpy eagles: Harpia harpyja, hawks: Buteo albicaudatus, Asturina nitida, Buteo magnirostris, jaguar: Panthera onca, jaguarundi: Felis yagouaroundi, ocelot: Leopardus pardalis, and snakes: suborder Serpentes. Their main means of defense is speed or they may gang up on smaller predators and try to intimidate them into going away.
Known Predators:
- harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja)
- white-tailed hawks (Buteo albicaudatus)
- gray hawks (Asturina nitida)
- roadside hawks (Buteo magnirostris)
- jaguars (Panthera onca)
- jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi)
- ocelots (Leopardus pardalis)
- snakes (Serpentes)
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Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Communication and Perception
Callithrix kuhlii communicate with one another using visual, tactile, olfactory and acoustic signals. These marmosets use visual signals to try to mate, they touch one another while they groom to form bonds, they leave scent trails to mark their territory and they call to one another, especially if danger is perceived.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; acoustic
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Life Expectancy
Lifespan/Longevity
These marmosets live about 10 years in the wild and have been known to live up to 16 years in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 10 (high) years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 16 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 20 years.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Reproduction
Reproduction
The dominant female of a group of C. kuhlii mates with several males. In this way, the father is not known, thus all the males help in caring for the infants after they are born. Actual mating has rarely been observed. However, males have been seen strutting around females with their backs arched and hair bristled. This behavior and the apparent pursuit of females lasts approximately 45 minutes.
Mating System: polyandrous ; cooperative breeder
Only the dominant female of the group breeds. Females reach reproductive maturity around 12-15 months of age and males at one year. The dominant female in the group is the only one who is allowed to breed since the investment for raising the young is so high, but this dominant status is always changing. The dominant female or her replacement enters into estrus 5-12 days after giving birth. Female Weid’s marmosets can give birth up to twice a year and young are always born in pairs.
Breeding interval: twice yearly
Average number of offspring: 2.
Average gestation period: 4.5 months.
Range weaning age: 4 to 6 months.
Average time to independence: 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 12 to 15 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 12 months.
Key Reproductive Features: year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); viviparous
Gestation of a pregnant female lasts about 4.5 months. She always gives birth to twins which comprise up to 25% of her body weight. She receives help raising the babies from the males and younger females of the group. The males help by carrying the babies while the mother goes to find food. Other members of the family may share food with the infants after they have been weaned.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents
- Nunes, S., J. Fite, K. Patera, J. French. 2001. Interactions among paternal behavior, steriod hormones and parental experience in male marmosets. Hormones and Behavior, 39: 70-82.
- Nunes, S., J. Fite, J. French. 2000. Variation in steroid hormones associated with infant care behaviour and experience in male marmosets. Animal Behaviour, 60: 857-865.
- 2000. "Singapore Zoological Gardens Docents" (On-line). Accessed March 29, 2004 at http://www.szgdocent.org/pp/p-anthrp.htm.
- 2003. "The Primata" (On-line). Accessed March 29, 2004 at http://members.tripod.com/uakari/callithrix_kuhli.html.
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2003Least Concern(IUCN 2003)
- 2000Lower Risk/least concern
- 1996Lower Risk/least concern(Baillie and Groombridge 1996)
- 1994Vulnerable(Groombridge 1994)
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Conservation Status
Callithrix kuhlii are not endangered, but their numbers are dwindling due to habitat destruction.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
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Trends
Population
Population Trend
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Threats
Threats
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Management
Conservation Actions
Una Biological Reserve (18,500 ha)
Serra do Conduru State Park (8,941 ha)
Serra das Lontras National Park (16,800 ha)
Una Wildlife Refuge (23,000 ha)
Lemos Maia Experimental Station (CEPLAC/CEPEC) (495 ha)
Canavieiras Experimental Station (CEPLAC/CEPEC) (500 ha)
The expansion of the Una Bioloigcal Reserve is ongoing and of importance for this species as well as Cebus xanthosternos and Leontopithecus chrysomelas.
This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known adverse affects of C. khulii on humans.
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Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Weid’s marmosets have been a large commodity in the pet trade, especially in the United States until the U.S. prohibited its importation. It also can be used in biological and medical laboratories because it breeds easily and can be affected by some human diseases such as rubella and herpes.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; research and education
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Wikipedia
Wied's marmoset
Wied's marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii), also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of southeastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting of 4 or 5 females and 2 or 3 males (plus children). They are matriarchal, and only the dominant female is allowed to mate. Like other marmosets, the offspring are always born in pairs.
Contents |
Diet
This monkey supplements its diet of sap with fruit, nectar, flowers and seeds, as well as spiders and insects. Since these are harvested from the middle and lower part of the forest, Wied's marmoset often travels and forages in the company of the golden-headed lion tamarin, which forages in the canopy.
Natural Predators
Wied's marmoset is eaten by birds of prey (the Harpy Eagle, the Gray Hawk, the Roadside Hawk and the White-tailed Hawk), felines (the Jaguar, Jaguarundi and Ocelot) and snakes.
Behavior
Wied's marmoset is highly social, spending much of its time grooming. It has individually distinctive calls, and it communicates through gestures and olfactory markings as well.
Appearance
The coloring of Wied's marmoset is mostly black, with white markings on cheeks and forehead. It has rings on its tail and black tufts of fur coming out of its ears.
Chimerism
Chimeric individuals carry two or more genetic cell lines in their bodies, each of which stems from a separate and genetically distinct zygotes. This chimerism is the result of cell lines exchanged between siblings in utero. These two original zygotes were fertilized by two different sperm, which potentially came from more than one male. Therefore, chimeric individuals exhibit a phenotype that is the result of more than one genotype, and potentially more than one father.[4]
Researchers first discovered chimerism in the bone marrow of marmosets in the 1960's. [5] More recent work has shown that chimerism can occur in all cell lines, including germ cells.[4] This allows for the possibility of horizontal inheritance. In other words, individuals could pass on the genotype that is different from their majority (or self) genotype. Consider a father marmoset was chimeric in his germ line. This father could potentially pass on his secondary cell line (the majority or self cell line of his brother) to his offspring. In this way, this father's offspring would be more genetically similar to their uncle than to their father.[4]
Since chimerism changes the degrees of relatedness between individuals, it also changes the adaptive value of certain behaviors, like cooperatively raising young. It has been proposed that chimerism creates a system that makes it evolutionarily advantageous for an individual to cooperate to raise it's siblings; this closely matches to the way marmoset social systems have been observed to function in the wild.[6]
References
- ^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 131. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100198.
- ^ Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Bahavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
- ^ Rylands, A. B. & Kierullf, M. C. M. (2008). Callithrix kuhlii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 2 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Ross, C.N., French, J.A., and Ortí, G. (2007). "Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (15): 6278. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607426104. PMC 1851065. PMID 17389380. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1851065.
- ^ Benirschke, K., J. M. Anderson, and L. E. Brownhill. 1962. Marrow Chimerism in Marmosets. Science 138:513-&.
- ^ Haig, D. 1999. What is a marmoset? American Journal of Primatology 49:285-296.
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