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Overview
Brief Summary
Cupressus nootkatensis
Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don (Nootka Cypress; syn. Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Florin, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Farjon & Harder, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach), is a cypress (Cupressaceae) species native to western North America.
Taxonomy
It has a complex taxonomic and nomenclatural history. It was first described in the genus Cupressus as Cupressus nootkatensis by David Don in 1824, but in 1841 it was transferred to Chamaecyparis by Édouard Spach on the basis of its foliage being in flattened sprays (as in other Chamaecyparis, but unlike most, though not all, other Cupressus species). This treatment was almost universally used through the 20th century. However, this does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, which are far more like Cupressus, like them maturing in their second year, not in their first (Frankis 1993) and it can also be grafted onto rootstocks of other Cupressus but not onto other Chamaecyparis (Welch 1991). Subsequent genetic (Gadek et al. 2000) and micromorphological (Jägel & Stützel 2001) evidence also strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis.
More recently, Farjon et al. (2002) transferred it to a new genus Xanthocyparis, together with the newly discovered Xanthocyparis vietnamensis (Cupressus vietnamensis); this species is similar to Nootka Cypress in many ways, in that while they are not related to Chamaecyparis, they differ from other Cupressus in usually having just four cone scales, not six or more as usual in other Cupressus. Little et al. (2004, 2006) pointed out that an earlier nomenclatural combination in the genus Callitropsis existed, as Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst., published in 1864 but overlooked by other subsequent authors. Little et al. therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis, the correct name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. Little further pointed out that the other species of Cupressus native to North America are more closely related to Nootka Cypress than they are to Cupressus sempervirens (the type species of Cupressus) and other Old World Cupressus species. He therefore transferred all of the American Cupressus species to Callitropsis.
However, other botanists (Xiang & Li 2005, Rushforth 2007) pointed out that the separation of Callitropsis (or Xanthocyparis) from Cupressus is uncertain on this evidence, and that the species of Callitropsis are best retained in Cupressus unless further genetic evidence for splitting Cupressus could be found. This has now been confirmed by DNA studies by Mu et al. (2006), which placed Nootka Cypress in the middle of several Chinese Cupressus, closest to Cupressus funebris and Cupressus duclouxiana, and by Mao et al. (2010), which placed it within Cupressus as sister to all the American Cupressus species. The cones having just four scales is also not conclusive, with several other Cupressus species (C. bakeri, C. glabra, C. lusitanica) occasionally having four-scaled cones. Treatment in Cupressus is accepted and recommended by the Cupressus Conservation Project and the Gymnosperm Database.
Morphology
Nootka Cypress is an evergreen tree to 40 m tall and a trunk up to 1 m diameter (exceptionally to 60 m tall and 4 m diameter), with stringy grey-brown to purple-brown bark. The crown is conic-columnar, with horizontal or pendulous branches, and more strictly pendulous branchlets. The foliage is in flat sprays, with dark green scale-leaves 3-5 mm long; when crushed, they have a strong sour-resinous odour. The seed cones have four (occasionally six) scales, most closely resembling the cones of Cupressus lusitanica, except being somewhat smaller, typically 10-14 mm diameter. Each scale has a pointed triangular bract about 1.5-2 mm long, similar to other Cupressus and unlike the crescent-shaped, non-pointed bract on the scales of Chamaecyparis cones (Frankis, 1993). Pollination is in early spring, with the mature cones opening to release the seeds 16-20 months later. Growth is slow, and the trees can be very long-lived, with ages of over 1,600 years reported (Brown 1996).
Origin
Nootka Cypress is native to the west coast of North America, from the Prince William Sound area in Alaska, south to northwesternmost California, typically occurring on wet sites in mountains, often close to the tree line, but sometimes also at lower altitudes. It derives its name from its discovery at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Cultivation
Nootka Cypress is a popular ornamental tree in gardens, grown for its elegant weeping foliage. Several cultivars have been named. Inertia and conservatism in the horticultural and forestry industries (both notoriously slow to adopt the results of botanical research) mean the name Chamaecyparis nootkatensis is likely to continue being listed in these situations for a long time yet. It is also sometimes called Yellow Cypress, and sometimes wrongly called a cedar (Cedrus), due to confusion by early European settlers of its scented wood with the unrelated but somewhat similarly scented wood of cedars; this misapplication should be avoided (Kelsey & Dayton 1942).
Nootka Cypress is one of the parents of the very popular garden hybrid Leyland Cypress Cupressus × leylandii (syn. × Cupressocyparis leylandii, × Cuprocyparis leylandii); the other parent being Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress).
Taxonomy
It has a complex taxonomic and nomenclatural history. It was first described in the genus Cupressus as Cupressus nootkatensis by David Don in 1824, but in 1841 it was transferred to Chamaecyparis by Édouard Spach on the basis of its foliage being in flattened sprays (as in other Chamaecyparis, but unlike most, though not all, other Cupressus species). This treatment was almost universally used through the 20th century. However, this does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, which are far more like Cupressus, like them maturing in their second year, not in their first (Frankis 1993) and it can also be grafted onto rootstocks of other Cupressus but not onto other Chamaecyparis (Welch 1991). Subsequent genetic (Gadek et al. 2000) and micromorphological (Jägel & Stützel 2001) evidence also strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis.
More recently, Farjon et al. (2002) transferred it to a new genus Xanthocyparis, together with the newly discovered Xanthocyparis vietnamensis (Cupressus vietnamensis); this species is similar to Nootka Cypress in many ways, in that while they are not related to Chamaecyparis, they differ from other Cupressus in usually having just four cone scales, not six or more as usual in other Cupressus. Little et al. (2004, 2006) pointed out that an earlier nomenclatural combination in the genus Callitropsis existed, as Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst., published in 1864 but overlooked by other subsequent authors. Little et al. therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis, the correct name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. Little further pointed out that the other species of Cupressus native to North America are more closely related to Nootka Cypress than they are to Cupressus sempervirens (the type species of Cupressus) and other Old World Cupressus species. He therefore transferred all of the American Cupressus species to Callitropsis.
However, other botanists (Xiang & Li 2005, Rushforth 2007) pointed out that the separation of Callitropsis (or Xanthocyparis) from Cupressus is uncertain on this evidence, and that the species of Callitropsis are best retained in Cupressus unless further genetic evidence for splitting Cupressus could be found. This has now been confirmed by DNA studies by Mu et al. (2006), which placed Nootka Cypress in the middle of several Chinese Cupressus, closest to Cupressus funebris and Cupressus duclouxiana, and by Mao et al. (2010), which placed it within Cupressus as sister to all the American Cupressus species. The cones having just four scales is also not conclusive, with several other Cupressus species (C. bakeri, C. glabra, C. lusitanica) occasionally having four-scaled cones. Treatment in Cupressus is accepted and recommended by the Cupressus Conservation Project and the Gymnosperm Database.
Morphology
Nootka Cypress is an evergreen tree to 40 m tall and a trunk up to 1 m diameter (exceptionally to 60 m tall and 4 m diameter), with stringy grey-brown to purple-brown bark. The crown is conic-columnar, with horizontal or pendulous branches, and more strictly pendulous branchlets. The foliage is in flat sprays, with dark green scale-leaves 3-5 mm long; when crushed, they have a strong sour-resinous odour. The seed cones have four (occasionally six) scales, most closely resembling the cones of Cupressus lusitanica, except being somewhat smaller, typically 10-14 mm diameter. Each scale has a pointed triangular bract about 1.5-2 mm long, similar to other Cupressus and unlike the crescent-shaped, non-pointed bract on the scales of Chamaecyparis cones (Frankis, 1993). Pollination is in early spring, with the mature cones opening to release the seeds 16-20 months later. Growth is slow, and the trees can be very long-lived, with ages of over 1,600 years reported (Brown 1996).
Origin
Nootka Cypress is native to the west coast of North America, from the Prince William Sound area in Alaska, south to northwesternmost California, typically occurring on wet sites in mountains, often close to the tree line, but sometimes also at lower altitudes. It derives its name from its discovery at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Cultivation
Nootka Cypress is a popular ornamental tree in gardens, grown for its elegant weeping foliage. Several cultivars have been named. Inertia and conservatism in the horticultural and forestry industries (both notoriously slow to adopt the results of botanical research) mean the name Chamaecyparis nootkatensis is likely to continue being listed in these situations for a long time yet. It is also sometimes called Yellow Cypress, and sometimes wrongly called a cedar (Cedrus), due to confusion by early European settlers of its scented wood with the unrelated but somewhat similarly scented wood of cedars; this misapplication should be avoided (Kelsey & Dayton 1942).
Nootka Cypress is one of the parents of the very popular garden hybrid Leyland Cypress Cupressus × leylandii (syn. × Cupressocyparis leylandii, × Cuprocyparis leylandii); the other parent being Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress).
- * Brown, P. M. (1996). OLDLIST: A database of maximum tree ages. Pp. 727-731 in Dean, J.S., D.M. Meko and T.W. Swetnam, eds., Tree rings, environment, and humanity. Radiocarbon 1996, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson.
- * Cupressus Conservation Project http://www.cupressus.net
- * Farjon, A., Hiep, N. T., Harder, D. K., Loc, P. K., & Averyanov, L. 2002. A new genus and species in the Cupressaceae (Coniferales) from northern Vietnam, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Novon 12: 179–189.
- * Frankis, M. P. (1993). Nootka Cypress : Chamaecyparis or Cupressus? Conifer Society of Australia Newsletter 12: 9-10.
- * Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2000. Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057.
- * Gymnosperm Database http://www.conifers.org/cu/Cupressus_nootkatensis.php
- * Jagel, A., & Stuetzel, T. (2001). Zur Abgrenzung von Chamaecyparis Spach und Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae) und die systematische Stellung von Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don [=Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach]. Feddes Repertorium 112 (1-4): 179-229.
- * Kelsey, H. P., & Dayton, W. A. (1942). Standardized Plant Names, second edition. American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
- * Little, D. P. (2006). Evolution and circumscription of the true Cypresses. Systematic Botany 31 (3): 461-480.
- * Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881.
- * Mao, K., Hao, G., Liu, J, Adams, R. P., & Milne, R. I. (2010). Diversification and biogeography of Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversification rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals. New Phytologist 188 (1): 254-272.
- * Mu, L., Wang, L., Yao, L., Hao, B, & Luo, Q. (2006). Application of pet G-trn P sequence to systematic study of Chinese Cupressus species. Frontiers of Biology in China 4: 349-352.
- * Rushforth, K. (2007). Notes on the Cupressaceae in Vietnam. Vietnamese Journal of Biology. 29 (3): 32-39.
- * Welch, H. J. (1991). The Conifer Manual, Vol. 1. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
- * Xiang, Q., & Li, J. (2005). Derivation of Xanthocyparis and Juniperus from within Cupressus: Evidence from Sequences of nrDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region. Harvard Papers in Botany 9 (2): 375-382.
Supplier: Michаel Frаnkis
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Cupressaceae -- Cypress family
A. S. Harris
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), also known as Alaska yellow-cedar, yellow-cedar, Alaska cypress, and Nootka cypress, is an important timber species of northwestern America. It is found along the Pacific coast in Alaska and British Columbia, in the Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington, and at a number of isolated locations (1,10). It is confined to a cool, humid climate. Toward the south, Alaska-cedar rarely grows below 600 m (2,000 ft) in elevation; but north of midcoastal British Columbia, it grows from sea level to tree line. It is one of the slowest growing conifers in the Northwest. The wood is extremely durable and is excellent for specialty uses. Little effort is being made to manage the species to assure a continuing supply.
A. S. Harris
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), also known as Alaska yellow-cedar, yellow-cedar, Alaska cypress, and Nootka cypress, is an important timber species of northwestern America. It is found along the Pacific coast in Alaska and British Columbia, in the Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington, and at a number of isolated locations (1,10). It is confined to a cool, humid climate. Toward the south, Alaska-cedar rarely grows below 600 m (2,000 ft) in elevation; but north of midcoastal British Columbia, it grows from sea level to tree line. It is one of the slowest growing conifers in the Northwest. The wood is extremely durable and is excellent for specialty uses. Little effort is being made to manage the species to assure a continuing supply.
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Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Distribution
Alaska-cedar is found in the Pacific Coast mountain ranges from
south-central Alaska to southwestern Oregon with isolated groves in the
Siskiyou Mountains of northern California [1,23,24]. The eastern edge of
Alaska-cedar's range is defined by two disjunct populations: one in the
Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia [33] and one in the
Aldrich Mountains of central Oregon [1].
south-central Alaska to southwestern Oregon with isolated groves in the
Siskiyou Mountains of northern California [1,23,24]. The eastern edge of
Alaska-cedar's range is defined by two disjunct populations: one in the
Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia [33] and one in the
Aldrich Mountains of central Oregon [1].
- 1. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]
- 23. Harris, A. S. 1974. Chamaecyparis Spach white-cedar. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 316-320. [7586]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
- 33. Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. [3375]
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States
More info on this topic.
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
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Alaska-cedar grows from northern California to Prince William Sound, AK Except for a few isolated stands, it is found within 160 km (100 miles) of the Pacific coast. Isolated stands in the Siskiyou Mountains, CA, near the Oregon border mark its southern limit (2). In Oregon and Washington, Alaska-cedar grows in the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains; scattered populations are found in the Coast Ranges and in the Aldrich Mountains of central Oregon (8). In British Columbia and north to Wells Bay in Prince William Sound, AK, it grows in a narrow strip on the islands and coastal mainland. An exception in British Columbia is an isolated stand near Slocan Lake about 720 km (450 mi) inland.
- The native range of Alaska-cedar.
- The native range of Alaska-cedar.
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Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Localities documented in Tropicos sources
Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Florin:
Canada (North America)
Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.
Canada (North America)
Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.
-
Little, D. P. 2006. Evolution and circumscription of the true cypresses (Cupressaceae: Cupressus). Syst. Bot. 31(3): 461–480.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1030199
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Localities documented in Tropicos sources
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)
Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)
Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.
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Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103
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Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1717
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/10884
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Physical Description
Morphology
Description
More info for the terms: layering, monoecious, shrub, tree
Alaska-cedar is a native, evergreen, long-lived (as long as 3,500 years
[16]), monoecious tree [1,24]. It is slow growing with a narrow crown;
the twigs are four-angled [56]. The boles of mature trees have
buttressed and fluted bases, and the bark is shreddy [33].
Alaska-cedar is a medium-sized tree, although at treeline it is reduced
to a shrub. It can obtain heights of 100 to 125 feet (30-38 m) with a
d.b.h. as great as 12 feet (3.7 m) [24]. The root system is shallow
with complex layering [24]. The leaves are scalelike and roughly 0.125
inch (0.32 cm) in length [1,46]. The stroboli are borne on the tips of
branchlets. The male strobili are yellow. The female strobili are
green, spherical, and 0.5 inch (1 cm) in diameter [23].
Alaska-cedar is a native, evergreen, long-lived (as long as 3,500 years
[16]), monoecious tree [1,24]. It is slow growing with a narrow crown;
the twigs are four-angled [56]. The boles of mature trees have
buttressed and fluted bases, and the bark is shreddy [33].
Alaska-cedar is a medium-sized tree, although at treeline it is reduced
to a shrub. It can obtain heights of 100 to 125 feet (30-38 m) with a
d.b.h. as great as 12 feet (3.7 m) [24]. The root system is shallow
with complex layering [24]. The leaves are scalelike and roughly 0.125
inch (0.32 cm) in length [1,46]. The stroboli are borne on the tips of
branchlets. The male strobili are yellow. The female strobili are
green, spherical, and 0.5 inch (1 cm) in diameter [23].
- 1. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]
- 16. Franklin, Jerry F.; Hemstrom, Miles A. 1981. Aspects of succession in the coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. In: Forest succession: concepts and application. New York: Springer-Verlag: 212-229. [7931]
- 23. Harris, A. S. 1974. Chamaecyparis Spach white-cedar. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 316-320. [7586]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
- 33. Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. [3375]
- 46. Preston, Richard J., Jr. 1948. North American trees. Ames, IA: The Iowa State College Press. 371 p. [1913]
- 56. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Physical Description
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots in flat sprays, Buds not resinous, Leaves scale-like, Leaves opposite, Non-needle-like leaf margins entire, Leaf apex acute, Leaf apex obtuse, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Scale leaves without raised glands, Scale leaf glands not ruptured, Scale leaves overlapping, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds equally winged, Seed wings narrower than body.
Stephen C. Meyers
Source:
USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
Trusted
Description
Trees to 40 m or dwarfed at high elevations; trunk to 2 m diam. Bark grayish brown, 1--2 cm thick, irregularly fissured. Branchlet sprays pinnate. Leaves of branchlets mostly 1.5--2.5 mm, stout, occasionally glandular on keel, apex rounded to acute or acuminate, bases of facial leaves often overlapped by apices of subtending facial leaves; glands usually absent (circular when present). Pollen cones 2--5 mm, grayish brown; pollen sacs yellow. Seed cones maturing and opening the first year, in some populations the second year (J. N. Owens and M. Molder 1975), 8--12 mm broad, glaucous, dark reddish brown, becoming resinous; scales 4--6. Seeds 2--4 per scale, 2--5 mm, wing equal to or broader than body.
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Diagnostic Description
Synonym
Cupressus nootkatensis D. Don in Lambert, Descr. Pinus 2: 113. 1824
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat characteristics
Alaska-cedar occurs in hypermaritime to submaritime, subalpine, boreal,
and summer-wet, cool mesothermal climates [39]. It occurs from
shoreline to treeline in the northern portion of its range but is
restricted to higher elevations in the southern portion [24].
Elevation: Elevational ranges for Alaska-cedar in several western
states are as follows [24,49]:
Feet Meters
Alaska 0 to 3,000 0 - 910
Washington and Oregon 2,000 to 7,500 600 - 2300
California 4,950 to 7,260 1,500 - 2,200
Soil: Alaska-cedar has a strong affinity for deep, well-drained soils
rich in calcium and magnesium, and derived from parent materials of
andesite, diorite, gabbro, or basalt (Histosol and Spodosol soil orders)
[24]. It also can be found on the poor, rocky soils of the alpine
environment far above the limits of other conifers [1].
Associates: In addition to those previously listed under Distribution
and Occurrence, Alaska-cedar's overstory associates include California
red fir (Abies magnifica), subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa), Pacific silver
fir (A. anabilis), noble fir (A. procera), Brewer spruce (Picea
breweriana), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), shore pine (P.
contorta), incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), and Pacific yew (Taxus
brevifolia) [24].
Understory associates include big huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum),
Alaska blueberry (V. alaskaense), fool's huckleberry (Menziesia
ferruginea), and copperbush (Cladathamnus pyroliflorus) [24].
and summer-wet, cool mesothermal climates [39]. It occurs from
shoreline to treeline in the northern portion of its range but is
restricted to higher elevations in the southern portion [24].
Elevation: Elevational ranges for Alaska-cedar in several western
states are as follows [24,49]:
Feet Meters
Alaska 0 to 3,000 0 - 910
Washington and Oregon 2,000 to 7,500 600 - 2300
California 4,950 to 7,260 1,500 - 2,200
Soil: Alaska-cedar has a strong affinity for deep, well-drained soils
rich in calcium and magnesium, and derived from parent materials of
andesite, diorite, gabbro, or basalt (Histosol and Spodosol soil orders)
[24]. It also can be found on the poor, rocky soils of the alpine
environment far above the limits of other conifers [1].
Associates: In addition to those previously listed under Distribution
and Occurrence, Alaska-cedar's overstory associates include California
red fir (Abies magnifica), subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa), Pacific silver
fir (A. anabilis), noble fir (A. procera), Brewer spruce (Picea
breweriana), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), shore pine (P.
contorta), incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), and Pacific yew (Taxus
brevifolia) [24].
Understory associates include big huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum),
Alaska blueberry (V. alaskaense), fool's huckleberry (Menziesia
ferruginea), and copperbush (Cladathamnus pyroliflorus) [24].
- 1. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
- 39. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]
- 49. Sawyer, John O.; Thornburgh, Dale A. 1977. Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 699-732. [685]
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Key Plant Community Associations
More info for the terms: association, codominant
Alaska-cedar is listed as a dominant or codominant overstory species in
the following publications:
A preliminary classification system for vegetation of Alaska [55].
The forest communities of Mount Rainer National Park [17].
A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central
portion of the western Cascades in Oregon [9].
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Cascade Mountain Province [2].
Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [3].
Vegetation and the environment in old growth forests of northern
southeast Alaska: A plant association classification [44].
Alaska-cedar is listed as a dominant or codominant overstory species in
the following publications:
A preliminary classification system for vegetation of Alaska [55].
The forest communities of Mount Rainer National Park [17].
A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central
portion of the western Cascades in Oregon [9].
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Cascade Mountain Province [2].
Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province [3].
Vegetation and the environment in old growth forests of northern
southeast Alaska: A plant association classification [44].
- 2. Atzet, Thomas; McCrimmon, Lisa A. 1990. Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province. Grants Pass, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest. 330 p. [12977]
- 3. Atzet, Thomas; Wheeler, David L. 1984. Preliminary plant associations of the Siskiyou Mountain Province. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 278 p. [9351]
- 9. Dyrness, C. T.; Franklin, J. F.; Moir, W. H. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades in Oregon. Bulletin No. 4. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, Coniferous Forest Biome. 123 p. [8480]
- 17. Franklin, Jerry F.; Moir, William H.; Hemstrom, Miles A.; [and others]
- 44. Martin, Jon Randall. 1989. Vegetation and environment in old growth forests of northern southeast, Alaska: a plant association classification. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. 221 p. Thesis. [18760]
- 55. Viereck, L. A.; Dyrness, C. T.; Batten, A. R.; Wenzlick, K. J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 p. [2431]
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Habitat: Ecosystem
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
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Habitat: Cover Types
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
205 Mountain hemlock
215 Western white pine
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
205 Mountain hemlock
215 Western white pine
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
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Habitat: Plant Associations
More info on this topic.
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
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Soils and Topography
Alaska-cedar grows most commonly on Histosols and Spodosols. Best growth and development are on slopes with deep, well-drained soils. It is seldom found on the better sites, however, because of competition from faster growing associates. More frequently, it is found on thin organic soils over bedrock and is able to survive and grow on soils that are deficient in nutrients. It grows well on soils rich in calcium and magnesium and frequently on Lithosols developed from andesite, diorite, gabbro, or basaltic rocks (18). It is a common component of "scrub" stands on organic soils at low elevations in Alaska, and on organic subalpine soils. At high elevations and on half-bog sites, it often develops a shrublike or prostrate form.
Alaska-cedar grows at elevations from 600 to 2300 m (2,000 to 7,500 ft) in the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and occasionally down to sea level on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington and the west coast of Vancouver Island. In Oregon, most Alaska-cedar grows on ridges and peaks from 1500 to 1700 m (5,000 to 5,600 ft) high in the western Cascades between the Clackamas and McKenzie rivers, but it can grow throughout much of the moisture conditions present at high elevations in the Cascade Range from central Oregon north (2). On the southern British Columbia mainland, it usually grows between 600 and 1500 m (2,000 and 5,000 ft) but is found at lower elevations northward until it reaches sea level at Knight Inlet. From there, north and west to Prince William Sound in Alaska, it is found from sea level to tree line, up to 900 m (3,000 ft) in southeast Alaska and 300 m (1,000 ft) around Prince William Sound.
Alaska-cedar grows at elevations from 600 to 2300 m (2,000 to 7,500 ft) in the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and occasionally down to sea level on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington and the west coast of Vancouver Island. In Oregon, most Alaska-cedar grows on ridges and peaks from 1500 to 1700 m (5,000 to 5,600 ft) high in the western Cascades between the Clackamas and McKenzie rivers, but it can grow throughout much of the moisture conditions present at high elevations in the Cascade Range from central Oregon north (2). On the southern British Columbia mainland, it usually grows between 600 and 1500 m (2,000 and 5,000 ft) but is found at lower elevations northward until it reaches sea level at Knight Inlet. From there, north and west to Prince William Sound in Alaska, it is found from sea level to tree line, up to 900 m (3,000 ft) in southeast Alaska and 300 m (1,000 ft) around Prince William Sound.
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Climate
Alaska-cedar is notable within the cypress family for its tolerance of cool and wet conditions. The climate of its natural range is cool and humid. Climatic conditions at elevations where Alaska-cedar grows in the Cascade Range of Washington are somewhat comparable to those at sea level in coastal Alaska (table 1). Growing seasons are short.
Table 1- Climate in the range of Alaska-cedar¹ Average Annual
Location
Elevation Temper-
ature Precipi-
tation
Snowfall Frost-free period m °C mm cm days Washington² 1206 4 2340 1140 114 Alaska: Sitka 4 7 2130 114 149 Cordova 12 5 2260 340 111 ft °F in in days Washington² 3,958 39 92 450 114 Alaska: Sitka 13 45 84 45 149 Cordva 39 41 89 134 111 ¹Compiled from U.S. Weather Service records.
²Stampede Pass near Mount Rainier.
Table 1- Climate in the range of Alaska-cedar¹ Average Annual
Location
Elevation Temper-
ature Precipi-
tation
Snowfall Frost-free period m °C mm cm days Washington² 1206 4 2340 1140 114 Alaska: Sitka 4 7 2130 114 149 Cordova 12 5 2260 340 111 ft °F in in days Washington² 3,958 39 92 450 114 Alaska: Sitka 13 45 84 45 149 Cordva 39 41 89 134 111 ¹Compiled from U.S. Weather Service records.
²Stampede Pass near Mount Rainier.
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Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Coastal mountain ranges; 0--1500m.
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
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Associations
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucopaxillus rhodoleucus is associated with Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Foodplant / feeds on
Trisetacus chamaecypari feeds on cone of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
fruitbody of Leucopaxillus rhodoleucus is associated with Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Foodplant / feeds on
Trisetacus chamaecypari feeds on cone of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
© BioImages
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Associated Forest Cover
Alaska-cedar occasionally grows in pure stands but is usually found singly or in scattered groups mixed with other tree species. Associated species change with latitude. In California, Alaska-cedar may be found with California red fir (Abies magnifica), Brewer spruce (Picea breweriana), incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), and western white pine (Pinus monticola); in Oregon and Washington, with mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (Abies procera), western white pine, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla); in British Columbia, with Pacific silver fir, western white pine, western redcedar (Thuja plicata), mountain hemlock, western hemlock, and shore pine (Pinus contorta); in Alaska, with western redcedar, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and shore pine.
Alaska-cedar is a component of the following Society of American Foresters forest cover types (5):
205 Mountain Hemlock
223 Sitka Spruce
224 Western Hemlock
225 Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce
226 Coastal True Fir-Hemlock
227 Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock
228 Western Redcedar
Shrubs commonly associated with Alaska-cedar in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia are: big whortleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), ovalleaf whortleberry (V. ovalifolium), Alaska blueberry (V. alaskaense), rustyleaf menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), Cascades azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum), and copperbush (Cladothamnus pyroliflorus). These shrubs, except Rhododendron albiflorum and Vaccinium membranaceum, are associates in Alaska as well. Other plant associates include fiveleaf bramble (Rubus pedatus), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), queenscup (Clintonia uniflora), ferny goldthread (Coptis asplenifolia), deerfern (Blechnum spicant), claspleaf twistedstalk (Streptopus amplexifolius), rosy twistedstalk (S. roseus), and skunkcabbage (Lysichitum americanum).
Recognized vegetative communities from British Columbia south are Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Lysichitum americanum and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Rhododendron albiflorum (7). In southeast Alaska, a common association in the open conifer forest surrounding bogs is Pinus contorta-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium ovalifolium-V. alaskaense-Ledum groenlandicum/Sphagnum squarrosum (25).
Alaska-cedar is a component of the following Society of American Foresters forest cover types (5):
205 Mountain Hemlock
223 Sitka Spruce
224 Western Hemlock
225 Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce
226 Coastal True Fir-Hemlock
227 Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock
228 Western Redcedar
Shrubs commonly associated with Alaska-cedar in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia are: big whortleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), ovalleaf whortleberry (V. ovalifolium), Alaska blueberry (V. alaskaense), rustyleaf menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), Cascades azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum), and copperbush (Cladothamnus pyroliflorus). These shrubs, except Rhododendron albiflorum and Vaccinium membranaceum, are associates in Alaska as well. Other plant associates include fiveleaf bramble (Rubus pedatus), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), queenscup (Clintonia uniflora), ferny goldthread (Coptis asplenifolia), deerfern (Blechnum spicant), claspleaf twistedstalk (Streptopus amplexifolius), rosy twistedstalk (S. roseus), and skunkcabbage (Lysichitum americanum).
Recognized vegetative communities from British Columbia south are Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Lysichitum americanum and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Rhododendron albiflorum (7). In southeast Alaska, a common association in the open conifer forest surrounding bogs is Pinus contorta-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium ovalifolium-V. alaskaense-Ledum groenlandicum/Sphagnum squarrosum (25).
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Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Diseases and Parasites
Damaging Agents
Alaska-cedar is relatively free from damage by insects. No infestations of defoliating insects are known (1). Both Phloeosinus sp. and the bark-boring, round-headed beetles of the genus Atimia are often found under the bark of dead, dying, or weakened trees and occasionally on healthy trees (9). Phloeosinus cupressi is a secondary agent that only attacks trees in advanced stages of decline (14). A total of 78 taxa of fungi have been reported on Alaska-cedar throughout its range, including 50 in Alaska (14). The wood, however, is very durable and resistant to fungal attack, partly because of naturally occurring chemicals-nootkatin, chamic acid, and chaminic acid-in the heartwood that inhibit fungal growth at low concentrations (4). Certain "black-stain" fungi are capable of degrading nootkatin, thereby increasing the susceptibility of the heartwood to decay (24). Living trees often attain great age, and over time heart-rotting fungi cause considerable loss and defect in standing trees (15).
Since at least 1880, Alaska-cedar has suffered advancing decline and mortality on more than 100 000 ha (247,000 acres) of bog and semibog land in southeast Alaska. Abiotic factors appear to be responsible, but the primary cause remains unknown (14).
In southeast Alaska, brown bears (Ursa arctos) frequently cause basal scarring by biting and stripping bark. Scarring is most common on well drained sites. This wounding results in fungal attack, which in time reduces volume and value of butt logs (14).
Since at least 1880, Alaska-cedar has suffered advancing decline and mortality on more than 100 000 ha (247,000 acres) of bog and semibog land in southeast Alaska. Abiotic factors appear to be responsible, but the primary cause remains unknown (14).
In southeast Alaska, brown bears (Ursa arctos) frequently cause basal scarring by biting and stripping bark. Scarring is most common on well drained sites. This wounding results in fungal attack, which in time reduces volume and value of butt logs (14).
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Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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General Ecology
Fire Management Implications
More info for the term: fuel
This study revealed that western hemlock/western redcedar/Alaska-cedar
forests produce greater nutrient losses to the atmosphere when the slash
composition has a greater proportion of Alaska-cedar and western
redcedar. One can expect smaller nutrient losses when western hemlock
makes up the majority of the slash.
Nutrient losses can be limited if the the forest floor and larger fuels
are moist when burned. This limits fuel consumption. Also nutrient
loss can be reduced by more complete utilization during harvest, thus
reducing the slash load.
This study revealed that western hemlock/western redcedar/Alaska-cedar
forests produce greater nutrient losses to the atmosphere when the slash
composition has a greater proportion of Alaska-cedar and western
redcedar. One can expect smaller nutrient losses when western hemlock
makes up the majority of the slash.
Nutrient losses can be limited if the the forest floor and larger fuels
are moist when burned. This limits fuel consumption. Also nutrient
loss can be reduced by more complete utilization during harvest, thus
reducing the slash load.
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Site Description
More info for the terms: fuel, fuel loading
The study site was on a gentle, easterly slope at an elevation of 500 m
(1,650 ft). The climate of the area is marine, warm-temperate, rainy.
The mean annual precipitation is from 87 to 138 inches (220-350 cm),
which is received mainly in the form of rain. The soil over most of the
area was a Typic Haplorthod with a mor forest floor with a mean depth of
10 inches (26 cm).
The area had been logged during a snow-free period using a high lead
harvesting system. After clearcutting the slash was sorted by species*
into five diameter classes:
(1) < 1 cm
(2) 1.1-3.0 cm
(3) 3.1-5.0 cm
(4) 5.1-7.0 cm
(5) > 7 cm
*Alaska-cedar and western redcedar were combined and shall be henceforth
referred to as cedar.
The area was then divided into 50 2.25-square-meter plots that were
greater than 0.5 meter apart. These were slpit into 10 groups of 5
plots; within each group the plots were randomly assigned a species.
Western hemlock slash had three fuel loadings (4.4, 9.9, 17.7 kg/m2)
while cedar and Douglas-fir had one fuel loading (9.9 kg/m2). Each plot
received all size classes of slash. Ten samples of slash were oven
dried and used to determine prefire chemical and percent composition.
The study site was on a gentle, easterly slope at an elevation of 500 m
(1,650 ft). The climate of the area is marine, warm-temperate, rainy.
The mean annual precipitation is from 87 to 138 inches (220-350 cm),
which is received mainly in the form of rain. The soil over most of the
area was a Typic Haplorthod with a mor forest floor with a mean depth of
10 inches (26 cm).
The area had been logged during a snow-free period using a high lead
harvesting system. After clearcutting the slash was sorted by species*
into five diameter classes:
(1) < 1 cm
(2) 1.1-3.0 cm
(3) 3.1-5.0 cm
(4) 5.1-7.0 cm
(5) > 7 cm
*Alaska-cedar and western redcedar were combined and shall be henceforth
referred to as cedar.
The area was then divided into 50 2.25-square-meter plots that were
greater than 0.5 meter apart. These were slpit into 10 groups of 5
plots; within each group the plots were randomly assigned a species.
Western hemlock slash had three fuel loadings (4.4, 9.9, 17.7 kg/m2)
while cedar and Douglas-fir had one fuel loading (9.9 kg/m2). Each plot
received all size classes of slash. Ten samples of slash were oven
dried and used to determine prefire chemical and percent composition.
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Season/Severity Classification
More info for the terms: fuel, fuel moisture
The plots were burned on 10 different days in July, August, and
September 1984 to incorporate a range of fuel moisture conditions.
The plots were burned on 10 different days in July, August, and
September 1984 to incorporate a range of fuel moisture conditions.
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Fire Management Considerations
More info for the term: competition
The burning of slash is controversial. Fyles and others [18] recommend
the burning of slash to improve access for planters, increase plantable
sites, reduce brush competition, and reduce fire hazard; however, there
is little information about the effects of slash burning on Alaska-cedar
[12,38]. Feller [13] gives information on the effects of slashburning
on nutrient loss (see Fire Case Study).
After fire in the subalpine environment Alaska-cedar is slow to
regenerate in the krummholz zone [8].
The burning of slash is controversial. Fyles and others [18] recommend
the burning of slash to improve access for planters, increase plantable
sites, reduce brush competition, and reduce fire hazard; however, there
is little information about the effects of slash burning on Alaska-cedar
[12,38]. Feller [13] gives information on the effects of slashburning
on nutrient loss (see Fire Case Study).
After fire in the subalpine environment Alaska-cedar is slow to
regenerate in the krummholz zone [8].
- 8. Douglas, George W.; Ballard, T. M. 1971. Effects of fire on alpine plant communities in the North Cascades, Washington. Ecology. 52(6): 1058-1064. [6738]
- 12. Feller, M. C. 1982. The ecological effects of slashburning with particular reference to British Columbia: a literature review. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests. 60 p. [10470]
- 13. Feller, M. C. 1988. Relationships between fuel properties and slashburning induced nutrient losses. Forest Science. 34(4): 998-1015. [3752]
- 18. Fyles, J. W.; Fyles, I. H.; Beese, W. J.; Feller, M. C. 1991. Forest floor characteristics and soil nitrogen availability on slash- burned sites in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 1516-1522. [18312]
- 38. Klinka, K.; Green, R. N.; Courtin, P. J.; Nuszdorfer, F. C. 1984. Site diagnosis, tree species selection, and slashburning guidelines for the Vancouver Forest Region, British Columbia. Land Management Report No. 25. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [15448]
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Broad-scale Impacts of Fire
More info for the term: resistance
Fire resistance is rated as low for Alaska-cedar [49], although a few
individuals will survive a cool fire [7,25].
Fire resistance is rated as low for Alaska-cedar [49], although a few
individuals will survive a cool fire [7,25].
- 7. Dale, Virginia H.; Hemstrom, Miles A.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1984. The effect of disturbance frequency on forest succession in the Pacific Northwest. In: New forests for a changing world: Proceedings of the 1983 convention of The Society of American Foresters; 1983 October 16-20; Portland, OR. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 300-304. [4781]
- 25. Hemstrom, Miles A.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1982. Fire and other disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Research. 18: 32-51. [6747]
- 49. Sawyer, John O.; Thornburgh, Dale A. 1977. Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 699-732. [685]
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Immediate Effect of Fire
More info for the term: tree
The immediate effect of a cool to hot fire on Alaska-cedar is damage to
the cambium layer, usually resulting in the death of the tree [1].
The immediate effect of a cool to hot fire on Alaska-cedar is damage to
the cambium layer, usually resulting in the death of the tree [1].
- 1. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]
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Post-fire Regeneration
More info for the terms: secondary colonizer, tree
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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Fire Ecology
More info for the term: fire regime
Fire is not an important factor in Alaska-cedar's cool, wet habitats.
Alaska-cedar's bark is thin and offers little protection from fire [1].
The fire regime of Alaska-cedar's habitats is one of long-interval (150
to 350+ years) severe crown or surface fires resulting in stand
replacement [44].
Fire is not an important factor in Alaska-cedar's cool, wet habitats.
Alaska-cedar's bark is thin and offers little protection from fire [1].
The fire regime of Alaska-cedar's habitats is one of long-interval (150
to 350+ years) severe crown or surface fires resulting in stand
replacement [44].
- 1. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]
- 44. Martin, Jon Randall. 1989. Vegetation and environment in old growth forests of northern southeast, Alaska: a plant association classification. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. 221 p. Thesis. [18760]
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Successional Status
More info on this topic.
More info for the terms: climax, layering
Depending on the site, Alaska-cedar can be a long-lived seral species or
a climax species [14,16]. In the subalpine environment it is the first
tree species to become established, later forming large krummholz stands
from layering [15]. Alaska-cedar is classified as shade tolerant; it
will respond to 10 percent of full light and reach photosynthetic
saturation at 60 percent [20].
More info for the terms: climax, layering
Depending on the site, Alaska-cedar can be a long-lived seral species or
a climax species [14,16]. In the subalpine environment it is the first
tree species to become established, later forming large krummholz stands
from layering [15]. Alaska-cedar is classified as shade tolerant; it
will respond to 10 percent of full light and reach photosynthetic
saturation at 60 percent [20].
- 15. Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p. [961]
- 14. Franklin, Jerry Forest. 1966. Vegetation and soils in the subalpine forests of the southern Washington Cascade Range. Pullman, WA: Washington State University. 132 p. Thesis. [10392]
- 16. Franklin, Jerry F.; Hemstrom, Miles A. 1981. Aspects of succession in the coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. In: Forest succession: concepts and application. New York: Springer-Verlag: 212-229. [7931]
- 20. Grossnickle, Steve C.; Russell, John H. 1991. Gas exchange processes of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) in response to environmental variables. Canadian Journal of Botany. 69: 2684-2691. [18343]
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Regeneration Processes
More info for the terms: epigeal, frequency, layering, tree
Sexual: The frequency of good seed crops is irregular (4 or more years)
[59], and germination rates are low [35]. A germination rate of around
12 percent can be obtained with a warm stratification (30 days at 68 to
86 degrees Fahrenheit [20-30 deg C]) followed by a moist stratification
(30 days at 40 degrees Fahrenheit [4 deg C]). A tetrazolium stain has
been recommended for a test of seed viability [23]. The seed are quite
small with an average of 108,000 seeds per pound (240,000 seeds/kg)
[23,24]. The seed can be stored dry at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 deg C)
for 3 to 5 years [59]. Bower and others [5] recommend foliar
application of gibberellin A3 to increase flowering and filled seed.
From the parent tree the mean dissemination distance is about 400 feet
(120 m) [24]. Germination is epigeal [24], and mineral soil or well
decomposed organic matter are the preferred germination substrates [37].
Vegetative: Alaska-cedar reproduces asexually by layering. It layers
readily under the deep, heavy coastal snowpacks [49]. Vegetative
reproduction is the method of choice to meet the demands for
containerized stock, due to the low germination rate and infrequent good
seed crops [35]. Cuttings, treated with indolebutyric acid and potted
in the greenhouse, were ready for planting in 1 year [24]. Clones have
advantages over seedlings such as fewer multiple leaders and uniformity
in size [35]. Karlsson [34] and Karlsson and Russell [35] provide
in-depth information on age of the donor, clone survival, establishment,
and planting guidelines.
Preliminary results indicate that there is genetic variation between
provenances for shoot growth; however, further testing is needed to
establish transfer zones [6].
Sexual: The frequency of good seed crops is irregular (4 or more years)
[59], and germination rates are low [35]. A germination rate of around
12 percent can be obtained with a warm stratification (30 days at 68 to
86 degrees Fahrenheit [20-30 deg C]) followed by a moist stratification
(30 days at 40 degrees Fahrenheit [4 deg C]). A tetrazolium stain has
been recommended for a test of seed viability [23]. The seed are quite
small with an average of 108,000 seeds per pound (240,000 seeds/kg)
[23,24]. The seed can be stored dry at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 deg C)
for 3 to 5 years [59]. Bower and others [5] recommend foliar
application of gibberellin A3 to increase flowering and filled seed.
From the parent tree the mean dissemination distance is about 400 feet
(120 m) [24]. Germination is epigeal [24], and mineral soil or well
decomposed organic matter are the preferred germination substrates [37].
Vegetative: Alaska-cedar reproduces asexually by layering. It layers
readily under the deep, heavy coastal snowpacks [49]. Vegetative
reproduction is the method of choice to meet the demands for
containerized stock, due to the low germination rate and infrequent good
seed crops [35]. Cuttings, treated with indolebutyric acid and potted
in the greenhouse, were ready for planting in 1 year [24]. Clones have
advantages over seedlings such as fewer multiple leaders and uniformity
in size [35]. Karlsson [34] and Karlsson and Russell [35] provide
in-depth information on age of the donor, clone survival, establishment,
and planting guidelines.
Preliminary results indicate that there is genetic variation between
provenances for shoot growth; however, further testing is needed to
establish transfer zones [6].
- 5. Bower, R. C.; Ross, S. D.; Dunsworth, B. G. 1989. Effect of GA3 treatment timing in relation to natural day length on flowering and sex expression in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1422-1428. [10044]
- 6. Cherry, M. L.; Lester, D. T. 1992. Genetic variation in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis from coastal British Columbia. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(1): 25-29. [18313]
- 23. Harris, A. S. 1974. Chamaecyparis Spach white-cedar. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 316-320. [7586]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
- 34. Karlsson, Ingemar. 1982. Propagation of Alaska yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis [D. Don]
- 35. Karlsson, Ingemar; Russell, John. 1990. Comparisons of yellow cypress trees of seedling and rooted cutting origins after 9 and 11 years in the field. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 20: 37-41. [11041]
- 37. Klinka, K.; Feller, M. C.; Green, R. N.; [and others]
- 49. Sawyer, John O.; Thornburgh, Dale A. 1977. Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 699-732. [685]
- 59. Wang, B. S. P. 1974. Tree-seed storage. Publication No. 1335. Ottawa, Canada: Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service. 32 p. [17267]
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
More info on this topic.
More info for the terms: chamaephyte, phanerophyte
Ligneous Chamaephyte
Phanerophyte
More info for the terms: chamaephyte, phanerophyte
Ligneous Chamaephyte
Phanerophyte
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Plant Response to Fire
Alaska-cedar will invade a burned site via wind-dispersed seed from
adjacent unburned forests [24].
adjacent unburned forests [24].
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
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Reaction to Competition
Alaska-cedar is considered tolerant of shade in the southern part of its range but less tolerant toward the north. Overall, it is classed as shade tolerant. South of Mt. Rainier, WA, Alaska-cedar establishes some seedlings and is shade tolerant enough to survive under moderately dense canopies, but forest-grown seedlings fail to develop a strong upright trunk. Most trees on forest sites appear to have been established after disturbance (2). In Alaska, young stands are often even aged, and mixed or nearly pure stands of Alaska-cedar rarely contain seedlings or saplings in the understory. Reproduction of western hemlock is abundant, however, indicating that Alaska-cedar is less tolerant than hemlock (1).
Most Alaska-cedar timber has come from logging mixed old-growth stands in which the species is a minor component. Because of its slow rate of growth in relation to other commercial species, there has been little interest in management of Alaska-cedar for timber on the more productive sites. It may be well suited for planting on cold, wet sites, however, especially at high elevations where other species are less likely to thrive. It survives heavy snow loads because of its narrow, flexible crown and drooping branches, and its flexibility allows it to survive on avalanche tracks. Interest in management of Alaska-cedar is relatively new, and information on growth and yield of young stands is not available. Volume tables are available for old-growth trees (6).
Most Alaska-cedar timber has come from logging mixed old-growth stands in which the species is a minor component. Because of its slow rate of growth in relation to other commercial species, there has been little interest in management of Alaska-cedar for timber on the more productive sites. It may be well suited for planting on cold, wet sites, however, especially at high elevations where other species are less likely to thrive. It survives heavy snow loads because of its narrow, flexible crown and drooping branches, and its flexibility allows it to survive on avalanche tracks. Interest in management of Alaska-cedar is relatively new, and information on growth and yield of young stands is not available. Volume tables are available for old-growth trees (6).
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Rooting Habit
In bogs, roots of prostrate clumps of Alaska-cedar often tend to be shallow and to develop in complex patterns associated with a long history of branch layering (14). Root systems of krummholz Alaska-cedar-apparently the result of root sprouting and layering-have been observed to extend 100 feet (3). Understory trees have shown adventitious rooting the year after partial burial by volcanic tephra (26). Information is not available on the rooting habit of mature trees on well drained sites.
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Life History and Behavior
Cyclicity
Phenology
More info on this topic.
Flowering of Alaska-cedar occurs progressively earlier in the spring as
elevation decreases, suggesting that bud development is based on heat
sums [5]. Alaska-cedar flowers from April to June depending on latitude
and elevation [24]. The cones of trees in the southern portion of its
range mature from September to October, and dispersal begins in October
and lasts through spring. In the northern portion of its range and in
alpine environments, maturation of the cones is also based on heat sums,
with 2- and 3-year reproductive cycles, respectively, being the norm
[10]. In the northern portion of its range pollination of cones
initiated the previous summer occurs from mid-April to late May; cones
mature the following year [24]. The mature cones can be identified by
their yellow-brown color [23].
Flowering of Alaska-cedar occurs progressively earlier in the spring as
elevation decreases, suggesting that bud development is based on heat
sums [5]. Alaska-cedar flowers from April to June depending on latitude
and elevation [24]. The cones of trees in the southern portion of its
range mature from September to October, and dispersal begins in October
and lasts through spring. In the northern portion of its range and in
alpine environments, maturation of the cones is also based on heat sums,
with 2- and 3-year reproductive cycles, respectively, being the norm
[10]. In the northern portion of its range pollination of cones
initiated the previous summer occurs from mid-April to late May; cones
mature the following year [24]. The mature cones can be identified by
their yellow-brown color [23].
- 5. Bower, R. C.; Ross, S. D.; Dunsworth, B. G. 1989. Effect of GA3 treatment timing in relation to natural day length on flowering and sex expression in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1422-1428. [10044]
- 10. El-Kassaby, Y. A.; Maze, J.; MacLeod, D. A.; [and others]
- 23. Harris, A. S. 1974. Chamaecyparis Spach white-cedar. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 316-320. [7586]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
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Reproduction
Vegetative Reproduction
Alaska-cedar reproduces vegetatively under a variety of natural conditions from low-elevation bogs to krummholz at tree line (1,3,20,23). In southeast Alaska, layering is common on low-elevation bog sites, less common on better drained sites (14). In contrast, from Mount Rainier, WA, southward to California, layering is most common on drier, high-elevation sites (2). The species can also be reproduced from cuttings. Container stock suitable for planting has been produced in the greenhouse in 1 year by potting young cuttings treated with indolebutyric acid (17).
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Seedling Development
Germination is epigeal, and the rate tends to be low. Warm stratification followed by cold stratification greatly improves germination, but optimum stratification schedules have not been developed. In British Columbia and Alaska, seeds ripen from mid-September to late September and are shed during dry periods in the fall and early winter. Empty cones remain on trees for 1 year or more.
Formation of both pollen cones and seed cones can be induced in juvenile trees by foliar application of gibberellin-A3 under conditions of long day length. Cones induced by gibberellin-A3 yield higher percentages of filled seeds with higher rates of germination than cones that develop under natural conditions. Seed orchards should offer the opportunity for treatment and thereby provide a practical means of increasing cone production (22).
Formation of both pollen cones and seed cones can be induced in juvenile trees by foliar application of gibberellin-A3 under conditions of long day length. Cones induced by gibberellin-A3 yield higher percentages of filled seeds with higher rates of germination than cones that develop under natural conditions. Seed orchards should offer the opportunity for treatment and thereby provide a practical means of increasing cone production (22).
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Seed Production and Dissemination
Large crops of Alaska-cedar seed occur at intervals of 4 or more years (12). The proportion of filled seeds from mature cones is generally low and extremely variable. One study in British Columbia showed that the number of seeds per cone averaged 7.2; the proportion of filled seeds was only 29 percent (21). Cleaned seeds average 240,000/kg (109,000/lb) (12). Information is not available on the distance seeds are disseminated by wind. Seeds of Alaska-cedar are heavier than seeds of the closely related Port-Orford-cedar and probably are not disseminated beyond the 120 m (400 ft) reported for that species.
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Flowering and Fruiting
Alaska-cedar is monoecious. Flowering occurs from April in the southern part of the range to June in the north. The tiny inconspicuous yellow or reddish male pollen-bearing strobili and green female cones are borne on the tips of branchlets. Pollination occurs from mid-April to late May in cones that were initiated the previous summer. Cones generally mature in 2 years, but in the southern part of the range they may mature in I year. Both first- and second-year cones occur on the same branch and may easily be confused. Mature cones are about 12 mm (0.5 in) in diameter and globe-shaped. Mature and immature cones are nearly the same size, so care must be taken to collect only mature cones for seed. Immature cones are green and soft, often with purple markings, and are home near the tips of branchlets. Mature cones are yellow-green and hard, often with brown markings, and are borne farther from the branch tips.
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Growth
Growth and Yield
Alaska-cedar is slow growing and long lived. In Washington, dominant trees on better sites are typically 30 to 38 m (100 to 125 ft) tall; in British Columbia, they are 90 cm (36 in) in d.b.h. and 23 to 30 m (75 to 100 ft) tall; and in Alaska, dominant trees are often 60 cm (24 in) in d.b.h. and 24 m (80 ft) tall, although larger trees are common. The largest tree on record, located in Olympic National Park, WA, has a d.b.h. of 3.7 m (12.0 ft), a height of 37 m (120 ft), and a crown spread of 8.2 m (27 ft) (13). Growth rates of 16 to 20 rings per centimeter (40 to 50/in) are common. In Alaska, suppressed trees 15 cm (6 in) in d.b.h. are frequently more than 300 years old; dominant and codominant trees 60 to 90 cm (24 to 36 in) in d.b.h. are from 300 to more than 700 years old. Trees that are extremely old have been reported; a hollow tree 180 cm (70 in) in d.b.h. had 1,040 growth rings in the 30-cm (12-in) outer shell (1).
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Genetics
Information on genetic variation of Alaska-cedar is not available (10); however, 15 horticultural varieties of Alaska-cedar are recognized. An intergeneric hybrid, Cupressocyparis x leylandii (Cupressus macrocarpa x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), has been described in Great Britain (16). This hybrid can be propagated from cuttings and has been planted at numerous locations in temperate regions with good results.
Other intergeneric hybrids include Cupressocyparis x notabilis Mitchell (Cupressus glabra x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and Cupressocyparis x ovensii (Cupressus lusitanica x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) (19).
Other intergeneric hybrids include Cupressocyparis x notabilis Mitchell (Cupressus glabra x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and Cupressocyparis x ovensii (Cupressus lusitanica x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) (19).
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
Trusted
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Callitropsis nootkatensis
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Callitropsis nootkatensis
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 5
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 5
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
LR/lc
Lower Risk/least concern
Red List Criteria
Version
2.3
Year Assessed
1998
- Needs updating
Assessor/s
Conifer Specialist Group
Reviewer/s
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G4 - Apparently Secure
Reasons: Occasional in coastal western North America, with thousands of occurrences.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Management
Management considerations
More info for the terms: bog, natural
In southeast Alaska, Alaska-cedar is suffering from dieback that started
around the turn of the century [28,30,31]. Most of the mortality has
occurred in bog and semibog sites [28]. The search for a pathogen has
been exhaustive with little results. It now seems likely the cause is
abiotic [28,30,31]. The most plausible hypothesis offered thus far is
that of a warming trend that started in Alaska in the late 1800's which
has decreased the snow pack [28]. Because Alaska-cedar has low frost
resistance [40], the decreased snow pack renders the fine roots
susceptible to frost damage. This is the first sign of Alaska-cedar
decline [28].
Alaska-cedar is relatively free of damaging agents due to chemical
composition of the wood [24]. It is virtually rot-free, and the snags
can persist for 100+ years [29]. Hennon [26] lists the 77 known fungi
associated with Alaska-cedar.
Clearcutting changes the species compostion of second-growth forests in
the Western Hemlock Zone, increasing Alaska-cedar's percent composition
[23]. The recommended silvicultural practice of cutting old-growth
Alaska-cedar is clearcut with planting [60].
Plantation-grown Alaska-cedar has a growth rate comparable to that of
Douglas-fir; this is much greater than natural regeneration of
Alaska-cedar within its range [34].
Equations have been developed for Alaska-cedar based on growth percent
as an estimation of future productivity on different soil types [54].
Hamilton [21] explored the response of Alaska-cedar to single-tree
selection method, and he determined that Alaska-cedar will respond
favorably to the method.
In southeast Alaska, Alaska-cedar is suffering from dieback that started
around the turn of the century [28,30,31]. Most of the mortality has
occurred in bog and semibog sites [28]. The search for a pathogen has
been exhaustive with little results. It now seems likely the cause is
abiotic [28,30,31]. The most plausible hypothesis offered thus far is
that of a warming trend that started in Alaska in the late 1800's which
has decreased the snow pack [28]. Because Alaska-cedar has low frost
resistance [40], the decreased snow pack renders the fine roots
susceptible to frost damage. This is the first sign of Alaska-cedar
decline [28].
Alaska-cedar is relatively free of damaging agents due to chemical
composition of the wood [24]. It is virtually rot-free, and the snags
can persist for 100+ years [29]. Hennon [26] lists the 77 known fungi
associated with Alaska-cedar.
Clearcutting changes the species compostion of second-growth forests in
the Western Hemlock Zone, increasing Alaska-cedar's percent composition
[23]. The recommended silvicultural practice of cutting old-growth
Alaska-cedar is clearcut with planting [60].
Plantation-grown Alaska-cedar has a growth rate comparable to that of
Douglas-fir; this is much greater than natural regeneration of
Alaska-cedar within its range [34].
Equations have been developed for Alaska-cedar based on growth percent
as an estimation of future productivity on different soil types [54].
Hamilton [21] explored the response of Alaska-cedar to single-tree
selection method, and he determined that Alaska-cedar will respond
favorably to the method.
- 21. Hamilton, Ronald C. 1991. Single-tree selection method: An uneven-aged silviculture system. In: Genetics/silviculture workshop proceedings; 1990 August 27-31; Wenatchee, WA. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Timber Management Staff: 46-84. [16562]
- 23. Harris, A. S. 1974. Chamaecyparis Spach white-cedar. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 316-320. [7586]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
- 26. Hennon, P. E. 1990. Fungi on Chamaecyparis nootkatensis. Mycologia. 82(1): 59-66. [13291]
- 28. Hennon, P. E.; Hansen, E. M.; Shaw, C. G., III. 1990. Dynamics of decline and mortality of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany. 68: 651-662. [10727]
- 29. Hennon, P. E.; Loopstra, E. M. 1991. Persistence of western hemlock and western red cedar trees 38 years after girdling at Cat Island in southeast Alaska. Research Note PNW-RN-507. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p. [18341]
- 30. Hennon, P. E.; Shaw, C. G., III; Hansen, E. M. 1990. Dating decline and mortality of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in southeast Alaska. Forest Science. 36(3): 502-515. [13011]
- 31. Hennon, P. E.; Shaw, C. G., III; Hansen, E. M. 1990. Symptoms and fungal associations of declining Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in southeast Alaska. Plant Disease. 74: 267-273. [13292]
- 34. Karlsson, Ingemar. 1982. Propagation of Alaska yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis [D. Don]
- 40. Krajina, V. J.; Klinka, K.; Worrall, J. 1982. Distribution and ecological characteristics of trees and shrubs of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia, Department of Botany and Faculty of Forestry. 131 p. [6728]
- 54. Hees, Willem W. S. van. 1988. Timber productivity of seven forest ecosystems in southeastern Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-391. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 10 p. [7877]
- 60. Weetman, G.; Vyse, A. 1990. Natural regeneration. In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; [and others]
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Cover Value
More info for the term: cover
Alaska-cedar as a component of old-growth forests can provide critical
thermal and hiding cover for large ungulates [22] and small mammals
[58].
Alaska-cedar as a component of old-growth forests can provide critical
thermal and hiding cover for large ungulates [22] and small mammals
[58].
- 22. Hanley, Thomas A.; Robbins, Charles T.; Spalinger, Donald E. 1989. Forest habitats and the nutritional ecology of Sitka black-tailed deer: a research synthesis with implications for forest management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-230. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p. [7509]
- 58. Walters, Bradley B. 1991. Small mammals in a subalpine old-growth forest and clearcuts. Northwest Science. 65(1): 27-31. [15155]
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
More info for the term: tree
Alaska-cedar is of minor importance to livestock and wildlife as browse.
When densities of black-tailed deer are high, Alaska-cedar is browsed
[51]. The Alaskan brown bear girdles the upslope side of the tree in
the spring to feed on the phloem, which is high in sucrose [27].
Alaska-cedar is of minor importance to livestock and wildlife as browse.
When densities of black-tailed deer are high, Alaska-cedar is browsed
[51]. The Alaskan brown bear girdles the upslope side of the tree in
the spring to feed on the phloem, which is high in sucrose [27].
- 27. Hennon, P. E.; Hansen, E. M.; Shaw, C. G., III. 1990. Causes of basal scars on Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in southeast Alaska. Northwest Science. 64(1): 45-54. [11028]
- 51. Sullivan, T. P.; Harestad, A. S.; Wikeem, B. M. 1990. Control of mammal damage. In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson, C. M.; [and others]
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Wood Products Value
Alaska-cedar commands a high price for stumpage due to its fine texture,
straight grain, durability, freedom from splitting and checking,
resistance to acid, and excellent milling qualities [1,24,33,35]. The
wood is used in window frames, doors, boat building, utility poles,
marine pilings, cabinets [24,56], carving, and greenhouse construction
[33].
Most of the harvested wood is exported to Japan where, because of its
similar bright yellow color, it is used as a substitute for the rare
hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) [6].
The wood has an unusual and distinct "potato-like" odor [48].
straight grain, durability, freedom from splitting and checking,
resistance to acid, and excellent milling qualities [1,24,33,35]. The
wood is used in window frames, doors, boat building, utility poles,
marine pilings, cabinets [24,56], carving, and greenhouse construction
[33].
Most of the harvested wood is exported to Japan where, because of its
similar bright yellow color, it is used as a substitute for the rare
hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) [6].
The wood has an unusual and distinct "potato-like" odor [48].
- 1. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]
- 6. Cherry, M. L.; Lester, D. T. 1992. Genetic variation in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis from coastal British Columbia. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(1): 25-29. [18313]
- 24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska-cedar. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 97-102. [13373]
- 33. Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. [3375]
- 35. Karlsson, Ingemar; Russell, John. 1990. Comparisons of yellow cypress trees of seedling and rooted cutting origins after 9 and 11 years in the field. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 20: 37-41. [11041]
- 48. Robuck, O. Wayne. 1985. The common plants of the muskegs of southeast Alaska. Miscellaneous Publication/July 1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 131 p. [11556]
- 56. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 265 p. [6884]
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Other uses and values
Native Americans used Alaska-cedar wood to produce bows [52], masks,
bowls, and dishes. The roots were split and used for the framework of
baskets and hats [48].
Alaska-cedar is grown as an ornamental in North America and Europe
[41].
bowls, and dishes. The roots were split and used for the framework of
baskets and hats [48].
Alaska-cedar is grown as an ornamental in North America and Europe
[41].
- 41. Kruckeberg, A. R. 1982. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 252 p. [9980]
- 48. Robuck, O. Wayne. 1985. The common plants of the muskegs of southeast Alaska. Miscellaneous Publication/July 1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 131 p. [11556]
- 52. Turner, Nancy J. 1988. Ethnobotany of coniferous trees in Thompson and Lillooet Interior Salish of British Columbia. Economic Botany. 42(2): 177-194. [4542]
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
Alaska-cedar seedlings can be planted in the subalpine environment where
disturbance is recurrent, for it is the only conifer capable of
surviving on sites with frequent avalanches [15].
disturbance is recurrent, for it is the only conifer capable of
surviving on sites with frequent avalanches [15].
- 15. Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p. [961]
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Palatability
Alaska-cedar browse is unpalatable to blue grouse [36].
- 36. King, R. Dennis; Bendell, James F. 1982. Foods selected by blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 60(12): 3268-3281. [10169]
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Special Uses
Special attributes of Alaska-cedar wood include durability, freedom from splitting and checking, resistance to acid, smooth-wearing qualities, and excellent characteristics for milling (11,23). It is suitable for boatbuilding, utility poles, heavy flooring, framing, bridge and dock decking, marine piling, window boxes, stadium seats, water and chemical tanks, cooling towers, bedding for heavy machinery, furniture, patterns, molding, sash, doors, paneling, toys, musical instruments, and carving. The wood is highly regarded in Japan, and most high-quality logs are exported.
-
Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, technical coordinators. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654 (Supersedes Agriculture Handbook 271,Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, 1965). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/table_of_contents.htm
A. S. Harris
Source:
Silvics of North America
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Wikipedia
Cupressus nootkatensis
Cupressus nootkatensis (D.Don 1824) [synonyms Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach 1841, Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oersted 1864, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Farjon & Hiep 2002] is a cypress of the Cupressaceae family that possesses a chequered taxonomic and nomenclatural history. This species goes by many common names including Nootka Cypress, Yellow Cypress and Alaska Cypress. Even though it is not a cedar, it is also sometimes confusingly called "Nootka Cedar", "Yellow Cedar", "Alaska Cedar", or "Alaska Yellow Cedar". Its name derives from its discovery on the lands of a First Nation of Canada, those lands of the Nuu-chah-nulth people of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, who were formerly referred to as the Nootka.
Contents |
Taxonomy [edit]
First described in the genus Cupressus as Cupressus nootkatensis in 1824, it was transferred to Chamaecyparis in 1841 on the basis of its foliage being in flattened sprays, as in other Chamaecyparis, but unlike most (though not all) other Cupressus species.
However, this placement does not fit with the morphology and phenology of the cones, which are far more like Cupressus, like them maturing in two years, not one. Genetic evidence, published by Gadek et al. (2000), strongly supported its return to Cupressus and exclusion from Chamaecyparis.
More recently, Farjon et al. (2002) transferred it to a new genus Xanthocyparis, together with the newly discovered Vietnamese Golden Cypress Xanthocyparis vietnamensis; this species is remarkably similar to Nootka Cypress and the treatment has many arguments in its favour, as while they are not related to Chamaecyparis, neither do they fit fully in Cupressus despite the many similarities.
Little et al. (2004), while confirming the above relationship with further evidence, pointed out that an earlier nomenclatural combination in the genus Callitropsis existed, as Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst., published in 1864 but overlooked or ignored by other subsequent authors. Little et al. therefore synonymised Xanthocyparis with Callitropsis, the correct name for these species under the ICBN when treated in a distinct genus. The name Xanthocyparis has now been proposed for conservation, and the 2011 International Botanical Congress followed that recommendation.
In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more detailed molecular analysis and placed Nootka Cypress back to Cupressus.[1][2] However, this is disputed, as the tree would compose a monophyletic subgenus. "The argument that it warrants treatment as a monotypic genus is not without merit, in which case the correct name is Callitropsis nootkatensis."[3]
Although acceptance of the revised classification of this tree is widespread among botanists, inertia in the horticultural and forestry industries (both typically very slow to adopt the results of botanical research), mean the name Chamaecyparis nootkatensis is likely to continue being listed in many situations.
Description [edit]
Nootka Cypress is native to the west coast of North America, from the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, south to the Klamath Mountains in northernmost California. It is typically occurring on wet sites in mountains, often close to the tree line, but sometimes also at lower altitudes.
Cupressus nootkatensis is an evergreen tree to 40 m tall, commonly with pendulous branches. The foliage is in flat sprays, with dark green, 3–5 mm long scale-leaves. The cones have 4 (occasionally 6) scales, and resemble the cones of Mexican Cypress (Cupressus lusitanica, another Cupressus species which can show foliage in flat sprays) fairly closely, except being somewhat smaller, typically 10–14 mm diameter; each scale has a pointed triangular bract about 1.5–2 mm long, again similar to other Cupressus and unlike the crescent-shaped, non-pointed bract on the scales of Chamaecyparis cones. The Caren Range on the west coast of British Columbia is home to the oldest Nootka Cypress specimens in the world, with one specimen found to be 1,834 years old (Gymnosperm Database).
It is one of the parents of the hybrid Leyland Cypress; as the other parent, Monterey Cypress, is also in genus Cupressus, the ready formation of this hybrid is a further argument for the placement of the Nootka Cypress close to Cupressus.
In Alaska, where the tree is primarily referred to as "yellow-cedar," extensive research has been conducted into large-scale die-offs of yellow-cedar stands. These studies have concluded that the tree has depended upon heavy coastal snowpacks to insulate its shallow roots from cold Arctic winters. The impacts of climate change have resulted in thinner, less-persistent snowpacks, in turn causing increased susceptibility to freeze damage.[4]
Mature individual with foliage in flat sprays hanging from branches
cone detail
seeds
bark
Uses [edit]
Historically [edit]
This species has been considered to be one of the finest timber trees in the world and has been exported to China during the last century. The wood has been used for flooring, interior finish and shipbuilding[5]
Construction [edit]
The various physical properties of the wood make it an attractive material for both general construction and boat building. Due to its slow growth it is hard and, like other cypress woods it is durable; it therefore offers good dimensional stability, and is resistant to weather, insects, and contact with soil. It works easily with hand or machine tools; it turns and carves quite well. It can be fastened with glues, screws, and nails. Nootka Cypress's texture, uniform color, and straight grain will take a fine finish. It resists splintering and wears smoothly over time. When fresh cut it has a somewhat unpleasant bitter scent, but when seasoned it has barely any discernible scent, hence its traditional use in face masks.
Due to its expense, it is used mainly for finished carpentry. Typical uses include exterior siding, shingles, decking, exposed beams, glue-laminated beams, paneling, cabinetry, and millwork. In historic preservation it can be used as a substitute for Thuja plicata (Western Red Cedar) and Taxodium distichum (Baldcypress), due to current difficulties in obtaining quality timber of those species due to environmental concern and past over-exploitation, although this applies equally to Nootka Cypress.
Other uses for Nootka Cypress include saunas, and battery containers due to its resistance to acids. Traditionally, paddles, masks, dishes, and bows were made from the wood.
Landscaping [edit]
The drooping branchlets give the tree a graceful weeping appearance. It makes an attractive specimen tree in parks and open spaces. It can also be used as a tall hedge.
It will grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 5-9, but can be difficult to grow. Best growth is in light or heavy soil, preferably well drained, and in climates with cool summers. It prefers semi-shade to full sun.
Nootka Cypress can also be used in bonsai.
The cultivar C. nootkatensis 'Pendula' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[6]
Firewood [edit]
Nootka Cypress has extreme heartwood qualities that make this one of the most desired sources of heat on the west coast. A dead tree can last up to 100 years for firewood. This wood burns very hot and lasts a long time as embers.
Indigenous societies [edit]
The Nootka Cypress is used extensively by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, along with another cypress, Thuja plicata (Western Red Cedar). While Western Red Cedar was preferred for larger projects (houses, canoes), Nootka Cypress, was used for smaller carvings such as vessels and utensils.
A legend amongst the Nootka peoples of the Hesquiaht First Nation tells of the origins of the Nootka Cypress. In the legend, a raven encounters three young women drying salmon on the beach. He asks the women if they are afraid of being alone, if they are afraid of bears, wolves, and other animals. Each women responded "no". But when asked about owls, the women were indeed afraid of owls. Hearing this, the trickster raven hid in the forests, and made the calls of an owl. The terrified women ran up the mountains, but turned into Nootka Cypress trees when they were out of breath. According to the Nootka, this is why Nootka Cypress grows on the sides of mountains, and also why the bark is silky like a woman's hair, the young trunk is smooth like a woman's body.[7]
In Tlingit culture the story of Natsilane describes how a Nootka Cypress was used to carve the world's first killer whale.
Notes [edit]
- ^ Mao, K., Hao, G., Liu, J., Adams, R. P. & Milne, R. I. 2010: Diversification and biogeography of Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversification rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals. - In New Phytologist. 188(1):254-272.
- ^ The Gymnosperm Database - Cupressus
- ^ The Gymnosperm Database - Cupressus nootkatensis
- ^ Yellow-cedar are dying in Alaska; scientists now know why
- ^ Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934 p 30
- ^ http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=404
- ^ Stewart (1984), p. 27
References [edit]
- Gadek, P. A., Alpers, D. L., Heslewood, M. M., & Quinn, C. J. 2000. Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach. American Journal of Botany 87: 1044–1057. Abstract
- Farjon, A., Hiep, N. T., Harder, D. K., Loc, P. K., & Averyanov, L. 2002. A new genus and species in the Cupressaceae (Coniferales) from northern Vietnam, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Novon 12: 179–189.
- Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Abstract
- Mill, R. R. and Farjon, A. (2006). Proposal to conserve the name Xanthocyparis against Callitropsis Oerst. (Cupressaceeae). Taxon 55(1): 229-231.
- Stewart, Hilary. (1984). Cedar: tree of life to the Northwest Coast Indians. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 0-88894-437-3.
- Zsolt Debreczy, Istvan Racz (2012). In Kathy Musial. Conifers Around the World (1st ed.). DendroPress. p. 1089. ISBN 9632190610.
Source:
Wikipedia
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Notes
Comments
Disjunct inland populations of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis occur in British Columbia and Oregon (V. J. Krajina et al. 1982).
In addition to variation in habit within the species, occasional plants have divergent forms of foliage. One collection (Canada, British Columbia, dry woods near Victoria, S . Flowers s . n ., 1 Aug 1950, UC, WIU) has older foliage typical of the species, with all newer foliage strongly flattened, with facial and lateral leaves of strongly unequal size, and with smaller cones. In light of the foliar and habit phenotypes recognized in the horticultural literature (for example, A. J. Rehder [1949] listed, with full bibliographic citations, 22 published varieties and forms best considered as cultivars), no taxonomic significance is attached to this variation here.
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Names and Taxonomy
Taxonomy
Comments: Called Cupressus nootkatensis in some recent works; Kartesz (1994 checklist) and Flora of North America (1993) maintain this species in the genus Chamaecyparis. Kartesz (discussion with L. Morse 29Jul01) says he may treat this species in Cupressus in his next edition, but plans to keep C. lawsoniana and C. thyoides in Chamaecyparis.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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