The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

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• 1. “Introduction to Porifera. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 15 Aug. 2011. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/porifera.html
• 2. Lavrov, Dennis. “Porifera: Sponges.” Tree of Life Web Project. 2009. 15 Aug. 2011. http://tolweb.org/Porifera/2464
• 2. Lavrov, Dennis. “Porifera: Sponges.” Tree of Life Web Project. 2009. 15 Aug. 2011. http://tolweb.org/Porifera/2464
• 3. Love, Gordon D., Emmanuelle Grosjean, Charlotte Stalvies, David A. Fike, John P. Grotzinger, Alexander S. Bradley, Amy E. Kelly, Maya Bhatia, William Meredith, Colin E. Snape, Samuel A. Bowring, Daniel J. Condon, and Roger E. Summons. “Fossil Steroids Record the Appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian Period.” Nature 457.7230 (2009): 718-721.
• 3. Love, Gordon D., Emmanuelle Grosjean, Charlotte Stalvies, David A. Fike, John P. Grotzinger, Alexander S. Bradley, Amy E. Kelly, Maya Bhatia, William Meredith, Colin E. Snape, Samuel A. Bowring, Daniel J. Condon, and Roger E. Summons. “Fossil Steroids Record the Appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian Period.” Nature 457.7230 (2009): 718-721.
• 4. Myers, Phil. “Phylum Porifera: Sponges.” Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2001. 15 Aug. 2011. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Porifera.html
• 4. Myers, Phil. “Phylum Porifera: Sponges.” Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2001. 15 Aug. 2011. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Porifera.html
• 5. “Porifera: Life History and Ecology.” University of California Museum of Paleontology. 15 Aug. 2011. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/poriferalh.html
• 5. “Porifera: Life History and Ecology.” University of California Museum of Paleontology. 15 Aug. 2011. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/poriferalh.html
• 6. Thakur, Narsinh L. and Werner E. G. Müller. “Biotechnology Potential of Marine Sponges.” Current Science 86.11 (2004): 1506-1512.
• 6. Thakur, Narsinh L. and Werner E. G. Müller. “Biotechnology Potential of Marine Sponges.” Current Science 86.11 (2004): 1506-1512.
• 7. Vacelet, J. and N. Boury-Esnault. “Carnivorous Sponges.” Nature 373.6512 (1995): 333-335.
• 7. Vacelet, J. and N. Boury-Esnault. “Carnivorous Sponges.” Nature 373.6512 (1995): 333-335.
• Adams, C. L., J. O. McInerney, and M. Kelly. 1999. Indications of relationships between poriferan classes using full-length 18S rRNA gene sequences. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 44:33-43.
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• Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. xiii + 992
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• Cavalier-Smith, T., M. T. E. P. Allsopp, E. E. Chao, N. Boury-Esnault, and J. Vacelet. 1996. Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Can. J. Zool. 74:2031-2045.
• Clark, H. 1866. Note on the infusoria flagellata and the spongiae ciliatae. Am. J. Sci. 1:113-114.
• Clark, H. 1868. On the Spongiae ciliatae as infusoria flagellata, or observations on the structure, animality and relationship of Leucosolenia botryoides, Bowerbank. Annu. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4:133-142.
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• Collins, A. G. 1998. Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:15458-15463.
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• Hooper, J. N. A., R. W. M. Van Soest, and F. Debrenne. 2002. Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836. Pp. 9-13 in J. N. A. Hooper, and R. W. M. Van Soest, eds. Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
• Hooper, J. N. A., and R. W. M. van Soest. 2002. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. 1810.
• Hooper, John N. A., and Rob W. M. van Soest, eds. 2002. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. xlviii + 1708
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• Leys, S. P., E. Cheung, and N. Boury-Esnault. 2006. Embryogenesis in the glass sponge Oopsacas minuta: Formation of syncytia by fusion of blastomeres. Integr. Comp. Biol. 46:185-195.
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• Love, G. D., E. Grosjean, C. Stalvies et al. 2009. Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period. Nature 457:718-721.
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• Moore, H. F. 1910. Commercial Sponges and the Sponge Fisheries. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 28, 1908, Part 1; Plate LVII
• Moore, H. F. 1910. Commercial Sponges and the Sponge Fisheries. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 28, 1908, Part 1; Plate XLVII
• Moore, H. F. 1910. Practical Method of Sponge Culture. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 28, 1908, Part 1; Plate LXVII-1
• Moore, H. F. 1910. Practical Method of Sponge Culture. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 28, 1908, Part 1; Plate LXVII-2
• Nichols, S. A. 2005. An evaluation of support for order-level monophyly and interrelationships within the class Demospongiae using partial data from the large subunit rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34:81-96.
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• Vacelet, J., and N. Boury-Esnault. 1995. Carnivorous Sponges. Nature 373:333-335.