The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List (August, 2007) http://www.iucnredlist.org
• 2. Macdonald, D.W. (2001) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• 3. Alden, P.C., Estes, R.D., Schlitter, D. and McBride, B. (1996) Collins Guide to African Wildlife. Harpercollins Publishers, London.
• 4. Mills, M.G.L. and Hofer, H. (1998) Hyaenas. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• 5. Szykman, M., Engh, A.L., Van Horn, R.C., Scribner, K.T., Smale, L. and Holekamp, K.E. (2003) Rare male aggression directed toward females in a female-dominated society: baiting behavior in the spotted hyena. Aggressive Behavior, 29: 457 - 474.
• 6. Schneider, K.M. (1926) Uber Hyanenzucht. Die Peltztierzucht, 2: 1 - 14.
• 7. Wahaj, S.A., Place, N.J., Weldele, M.L., Glickman, S.E. and Holekamp, K.E. in press. Siblicide in the spotted hyena: analysis with ultrasonic examination of wild and captive individuals. Behavioral Ecology.
• 8. Holekamp, K.E., Smale, L. and Szykman, M. (1996) Rank and reproduction in the female spotted hyaena. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 108: 229 - 237.
• Di Silvestre, I., O. Novelli, G. Bogliani. 2000. Feeding habits of the spotted hyaena in the Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal. African Journal of Ecology, 38: 102-107.
• East, M., H. Hofer. 2001. Male spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) queue for status in social groups dominated by females. Behavioral Ecology, 12/5: 558-568.
• Eltringham, S. 1979. Ecology and Conservation of Large African Mammals. London: MacMillann Press Ltd.
• Engh, A., K. Esch, L. Smale, K. Holekamp. 2000. Mechanisms of maternal rank ‘inheritance’ in the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta . Animal Behaviour, 60: 323-332.
• Frank, L., K. Holekamp, L. Smale. 1995. Dominance, demography, and reproductive success of female spotted hyenas. Pp. 364-384 in A Sinclair, P Arcese, eds. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Hofer, H. 2002. "Spotted Hyaena" (On-line). IUCN Species Survival Commission Hyaenidae Specialist Group. Accessed March 31, 2004 at http://www.hyaena.ge/spotted.htm.
• Hofer, H., M. East. 1995. Population dynamics, population size, and the commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyenas. Pp. 332-363 in A Sinclair, P Arcese, eds. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Holekamp, K., S. Cooper, C. Katona, N. Berry, L. Frank, L. Smale. 1997. Patterns of association among female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Mammalogy, 78/1: 55-64.
• Muller, M., R. Wrangham. 2002. Sexual mimicry in hyenas. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 77/1: 3-16.
• Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
• Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.
• Type: Heller, E. 1914 Jan 26. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 61 (22): 5.
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207
• Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142
• Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204