Overview
Brief Summary
Biology
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Comprehensive Description
Description
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Distribution
Range Description
Today’s restriction to Bawean is a relict from occurrence on Java, probably into the Holocene (van den Brink 1982), its disappearance from Java perhaps being caused by competition with Javan Rusa Rusa timorensis and Southern Red Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak (Meijaard and Groves 2004).
A specimen in the Institute of Zoology, Beijing, is labelled from Bangka Island, which lies off Sumatra (Indonesia); this is presumably in error (Grubb 2005). The species was supposedly discovered by Salomon Müller in 1836 in Tuban, a small town on the northern coast of Java, where the local governor kept a small herd in his garden, and the native range was discovered only after the name was proposed (Sitwell 1970). The species presumably evolved from a Pleistocene Javan Axis species (perhaps Axis lydekkeri) at a time when Bawean was connected to Java via a land bridge (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1987; Meijaard and Groves 2004). Suggestions that the genus was introduced to Bawean by early European settlers seem unlikely (Sitwell 1970) because of the wealth of fossil material (reviewed in Meijaard and Groves 2004), and were not ever referred to by Grubb (2005).
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Indonesia
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Range
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Bawean Deer primarily grazes on herbs and grasses, but also browses young leaves and twigs (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1987). An individual deer produces 13 faecal pellet groups per day, a number which has been used to estimate population numbers (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1978). The seasonal rut is in September and October, although males may be found in breeding condition (i.e. with hard antlers) throughout the year (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1987; Whitehead 1993). The gestation period is 225–230 days, after which a single fawn is born, very rarely twins (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1987; Whitehead 1993). Most births occur from February to June; they occasionally occur in other months (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1987). In captivity, breeding occurs year round with females maintaining an interbirth interval of 9 months (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1978).
Bawean Deer are primarily nocturnal, active intermittently through the night. They are very wary, and appear to avoid contact with people; where human activity is heavy, the deer spend the day in forests on steep slopes that are inaccessible to teak loggers. Individuals are occasionally seen on the beach in the southwest of the island, but otherwise are rarely seen directly (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1978, 1987). It is typically solitary, although duos made up of a doe and fawn or a buck following a doe sometimes occur (Blouch and Atmosoedirdjo 1978).
Systems
- Terrestrial
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Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 1996Endangered
- 1994Endangered(Groombridge 1994)
- 1990Rare(IUCN 1990)
- 1988Rare(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)
- 1986Rare(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1986)
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Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 06/02/1970
Lead Region: Foreign (Region 10)
Where Listed:
Population detail:
Population location: entire
Listing status: E
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Axis kuhlii, see its USFWS Species Profile
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Status
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Trends
Population
Population Trend
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Threats
Threats
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Threats
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Management
Conservation Actions
Recommended conservation actions, which should proceed through appropriate revisions to the management plan, include:
1) Increase the populations and if possible expand the area used by the deer. While the population seems to be stable, its small size and insular nature leave it susceptible to chance events (e.g. weather-related disasters or earthquakes or disease), to any resumption of hunting and probably to inbreeding. Increasing Eupatorium will result in time in population decrease. There is thus a major role for active management of habitat through control of Eupatorium, so as to increase population density within the protected area, and thus total population. This species, a problem plant throughout much of South and South-east Asia, is very difficult to control and review of international successes and failures is needed to inform management of the weed on Bawean. Full security would come only through an increase of the range on the island, requiring some deer-centred management for areas outside the protected area.
2) Assess the impact of deer on crops as this may have become a problem if effective protection has allowed the population to increase substantially, or the invasion of Eupatorium is pushing deer to eat more crops. If so, community-based mediation with local conservation officials may be required to find solutions and mitigate conflict.
3) Initiate a co-ordinated breeding programme to evaluate and if necessary address possible inbreeding deficiencies in the captive population.
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Conservation
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Wikipedia
Bawean Deer
The Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii, also known as Kuhl's hog deer or Bawean hog deer, is a highly threatened species of deer found only in the island of Bawean (Gresik Regency) in Indonesia.
A typical height for males of 60–70cm has been reported. Males have three-tined antlers.
Their fawns are spotted at birth, which separates them from the best known western population of the hog deer (H. porcinus).
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range, the Bawean deer is evaluated as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. It has few natural enemies except for birds of prey and large snakes such as pythons.
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Life History
Bawean Deer Axis kuhlii resides on the Bawean island in Indonesia which is close to the Java Sea. The Bawean Deer is sometimes included with the Hog Deer Axis porcinus (Haltenorth 1963), but it is a total different species (Groves and Grubb 1987; Grubb 2005). The most recent analyses indicate that these two species, together with calamianensis, constitute a different genus distinct from Axis, and Hyelaphus (Meijaard and Groves 2004, Pitra et al. 2004).[2]
They live in woodlands and upland forests with dense undergrowth which is used for shelter, providing a refuge in which the deer sleep and rest during the day. They live in small groups of 4 or 5 deer mostly 1 female, the infant, and 2 males. They are herbivores and consume grasses, herbs, leaves, twigs, corn crops, and leaves of the cassave plants. Their pelage is short, smooth, and soft, and generally a light brown in color. There are few distinctive yellow markings which are limited to the head and neck, there is also a light throat patch or 'bib' and a whitish eye-ring, infants have white spots on their backs when younger. Females will have 1 offspring at a time per year. The gestation period is 225-230 days, and the majority of births occur in February to June.
Males can be very aggressive towards other males that approach their small families, and will spray other males, and predators in the face with their glandular secretions, but also mark their territories with this as well.[3] Also When fleeing the bawean deer carries its head low and runs with a trotting gait. Their spine also curves high towards the rear when fleeing from predators. When fleeing from predators the males will run in front and infant if there is one will be behind the males, and the female will run in the back. This is effective in order to protect the infant from predators. [4]
Conservation Threats
Their past extinction was due to tigers precisely the Balinese Tiger, and humans hunting them for their antlers and pelts. Their main predators now are still humans, but also leopards, the golden jackal, dholes which is the Asiatic Wild Dog, the Indian wolf, pythons, and crocodiles.
Another reason for population decline is from habitat deterioration to build bigger cities, and more places to live and build crops.
Conservation Efforts
The World Wildlife Fund, has said that one of the factors for the reason of the declining of this species, as well as other species found in Indonesia is from climate changes such as warming ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, prolong droughts, and increased flooding. [5] The current conservation efforts which is being done is the Government of Indonesia has the Bawean Deer protected against being hunted which was passed in 1977. With the help of this law that has been passed the reproductive success has gone up over the years. [6] International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Kuhl’s hog deer as being Critically Endangered, meaning that the species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.[7]
References
- ^ Semiadi, G., Pudyatmoko, S., Duckworth, J.W. & Timmins, R.J. (2008). Axis kuhlii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 8 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of critically endangered.
- ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/2447/0
- ^ Regional Office of Endangered Species, Eastside Fed. Complex, 911 NE 11th Ave. Portland Oregan 97232, http;//www.pacific.fws.gov
- ^ Edinburgh Zoo and Highland Wildlife Park The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH12 6TES
- ^ http://www.worldwildlife.org/home-full.html
- ^ http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/animals/individuals/KuhlsHogDeer.html
- ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/2447/0
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