Crataegus — Details

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Ecology

Associations

Associations

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Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Abraxas grossulariata grazes on live leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-6
Other: minor host/prey

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / internal feeder
Acalles misellus feeds within small dead branch? of Crataegus

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale sucks sap of haw of Crataegus
Remarks: season: early 6-late 9
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Acrodontium dematiaceous anamorph of Acrodontium hydnicola is saprobic on dead Crataegus

Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Acronicta psi grazes on live leaf of Crataegus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus lutosus is associated with Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus subfloccosus is associated with Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Agrilus sinuatus feeds within wood of mature tree of Crataegus

Foodplant / gall
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes gall of stem (esp. base) of Crataegus

Foodplant / visitor
imago of Anaglyptus mysticus visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-

Foodplant / visitor
imago of Anoplodera sexguttata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-7

Plant / associate
imago of Anthaxia nitidula is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
Anthonomus bituberculatus is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
Anthonomus chevrolati is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
Anthonomus pedicularius is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
Anthribus fasciatus is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
Anthribus nebulosus is associated with Crataegus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Arge ustulata grazes on leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Bisporella sulfurina is saprobic on fallen branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 9-2

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Botryobasidium pruinatum is saprobic on decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / false gall
stromatic pseudothecium of Botryosphaeria obtusa causes swelling of branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Byssomerulius corium is saprobic on fallen, decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Byturus tomentosus feeds on live pollen of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-5

Foodplant / open feeder
epiphyllous larva of Caliroa cerasi grazes on leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 6-9

Foodplant / saprobe
Camarosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Camarosporium crataegi is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus

Plant / associate
basidiome of Cantharellus melanoxeros is associated with Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph of Cercospora crataegi causes spots on live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporia purpurea is saprobic on large, decayed, fallen trunk of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporia viridans is saprobic on decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / pathogen
basidiome of Chondrostereum purpureum infects and damages trunk of Crataegus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Coprinus poliomallus is associated with Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
loose, cotton colony of Costantinella anamorph of Costantinella micheneri is saprobic on fallen twig of Crataegus

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus pusillus may be found on Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-10

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus querceti may be found on Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-8

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus sexpunctatus may be found on Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / saprobe
Cylindrodendrum anamorph of Cylindrodendrum album is saprobic on dead Crataegus

Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura crataegi causes gall of live shoot tip of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatial perithecium of Diaporthe crataegi is saprobic on dead twig of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 12-3

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Diaporthe rudis is saprobic on wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Diatrype stigma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clustered, stromatic perithecium of Diatrypella favacea is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 11-3
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
flattened larva of Dineura stilata grazes on leaf (upperside) of Crataegus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, subcuticular acervulus of Entomosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Diplocarpon mespili causes spots on live leaf of Crataegus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma niphoides is associated with Crataegus
Remarks: season: usually spring
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes goniothorax causes gall of live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes goniothorax typicus causes gall of live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes pyri crataegi causes gall of live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / pathogen
Erwinia amylovora infects and damages flower of Crataegus

Foodplant / open feeder
colonial, tented caterpillar of Euproctis chrysorrhoea grazes on live leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 8-7

Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Euproctis similis grazes on live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Eutypa flavovirens is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Eutypa lata is saprobic on dead twig of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic perithecium of Eutypella scoparia is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-4

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum coronatum is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum fimbriatum is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum pectinatum is associated with Crataegus

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum quadrifidum is associated with Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum striatum is associated with Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed or erumpent perithecium of Gnomonia alni-viridis is saprobic on leaf-litter of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-6

Foodplant / visitor
imago of Grammoptera abdominalis visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Crataegus
Remarks: season: end 4-8
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / visitor
Grammoptera ruficornis visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-7
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
epiphyllous pycnium of Gymnosporangium asiaticum parasitises live leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / associate
Hadrobregmus denticollis is associated with Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
Helicogloea lagerheimii is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Helminthosporium velutinum is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / pathogen
mycelium of Heterobasidion annosum infects and damages fresh stump of Crataegus
Other: unusual host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Hoplocampa crataegi may be found in ovary of Crataegus
Other: sole host/prey

Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Hoplocampa pectoralis may be found in ovary of Crataegus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious apothecium of Hyaloscypha hyalina is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hymenochaete cinnamomea is saprobic on dead, attached bark of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hymenochaete rubiginosa is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus imberbis is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia crustosa is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
Geniculosporium anamorph of Hypoxylon howeanum is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-4
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse stroma of Hypoxylon multiforme is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Hysterium angustatum is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Coniothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Karstenula shepherdiae is saprobic on dead twig of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / saprobe
caespitose fruitbody of Kuehneromyces mutabilis is saprobic on decayed, dead stump (large) of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
often long-stalked apothecium of Lachnum brevipilosum is saprobic on rotten branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-9

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Lachnum cerinum is saprobic on usually decorticate wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 3-9

Foodplant / saprobe
fasciculate apothecium of Lachnum fasciculare is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-9

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, gregarious perithecium of Lasiosphaeria caudata is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria hirsuta is saprobic on old wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 9-4

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, closely packed in large clusters perithecium of Lasiosphaeria spermoides is saprobic on rotting wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lenzites betulinus is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepiota boertmannii is saprobic on soil of bush of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus serenus is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Crataegus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Lochmaea crataegi grazes on leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Lopadostoma turgidum is saprobic on dead, fallen, characteristically reddish-brown branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / saprobe
hysteroid apothecium of Lophodermium foliicola is saprobic on brown, fallen, locally bleached leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / miner
caterpillar of Lyonetia clerkella mines live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / miner
larva of Magdalis barbicornis mines below cambium of dead twig of Crataegus

Plant / associate
Magdalis cerasi is associated with Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Magdalis ruficornis feeds on dead twig of Crataegus

Foodplant / web feeder
communal caterpillar of Malacosoma neustria feeds from web on live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, often in very large clusters pseudothecium of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Gonytrichum dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella inaequalis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Meripilus giganteus is saprobic on dead trunk (large) of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile, densely clustered, erumpent apothecium of Mollisia caespiticia is saprobic on dead, corticate branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 9-4

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia cinerea is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia ligni is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
long-stalked apothecium of Monilinia johnsonii is saprobic on fallen, mummified fruit of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 3-4

Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous, immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella crataegi is saprobic on dead leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella slaptoniensis is saprobic on dead twig of Crataegus

Foodplant / visitor
adult of Myopa visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Crataegus

Plant / associate
perithecium of Nectria episphaeria is associated with pyrenomycete infection Crataegus
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / pathogen
Nectria galligena infects and damages cankered branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Nemania serpens is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / open feeder
social larva of Nematus lucidus grazes on leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / web feeder
communal larva of Neurotoma saltuum feeds from web on leaf of Crataegus

Plant / associate
perithecium of Nitschkia collapsa is associated with fungus-infested Crataegus
Remarks: season: 8-3

Plant / associate
Opilo mollis is associated with Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
narrowly stalked apothecium of Orbilia cyathea is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 8-10

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia sarraziniana is saprobic on wet bark of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-11

Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Orgyia antiqua grazes on live leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: -7/8

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ossicaulis lignatilis is saprobic on dead, decayed, fallen wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Otthia spiraeae is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Oxyporus populinus parasitises live wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / roller
larva of Pamphilius sylvaticus rolls leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / web feeder
hypophyllous, colonial Panonychus ulmi feeds from web on live leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-

Foodplant / saprobe
solitary or in small group apothecium of Patellariopsis atrovinosa is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 2-3

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, solitary or in small group apothecium of Pezicula sepium is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 11-3

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phaeogalera dissimulans is saprobic on fallen, usually decayed twig of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 11-early 3
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phellinus torulosus parasitises live trunk (esp. base) of Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phloeophagus gracilis feeds on dead or rotten wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / spot causer
hypophyllous, aggregated, smoky brown acervulus of Phloeospora coelomycetous anamorph of Phloeospora oxyacanthae causes spots on live leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
erumpent pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma crataegi feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius glaucus feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius oblongus feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius pyri feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phylloporia ribis parasitises live trunk of Crataegus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Phytobia carbonaria feeds within twig (cambium) of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus thomsonii is saprobic on dead, decayed, often part buried wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
cleistothecium of Podosphaera clandestina parasitises live leaf of soft shoot of hedge tree of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 10-11

Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus cervinus feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus pterygomalis feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus brumalis is saprobic on dead, still attached to fallen tree twig of Crataegus
Remarks: season: early winter-early spring
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus durus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia balsamea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia stiptica is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia wakefieldiae is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus pallipes grazes on leaf of Crataegus

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus pilicornis grazes on leaf of Crataegus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Pristiphora crassicornis grazes on leaf of Crataegus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Psallus ambiguus sucks sap of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Psallus perrisi sucks sap of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 6-8

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Psallus variabilis sucks sap of Crataegus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Psallus wagneri sucks sap of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella conopilus is saprobic on dead, buried, decayed root of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella populina is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Pseudospiropes subuliferus is saprobic on dead bark of Crataegus

Foodplant / sap sucker
Pulvinaria vitis sucks sap of live stem of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-6

Foodplant / feeds on
Ramphus oxyacanthae feeds on Crataegus

Foodplant / feeds on
Rhopalomesites tardyi feeds on dead wood of Crataegus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites aequatus feeds within fruit of Crataegus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites bacchus feeds within fruit of Crataegus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites caeruleus feeds within decaying shoot of Crataegus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites pauxillus feeds within leaf (midrib) of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Rosellinia aquila is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 2-5

Foodplant / saprobe
densely clustered, immersed then breaking through pycnidium of Sclerophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Sclerophoma mali is saprobic on dead fruit of Crataegus

Foodplant / pathogen
colony of anamorph of Sclerotinia crataegi infects and damages mummified haw of Crataegus
Remarks: season: winter

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus mali feeds within cambium of Crataegus

Foodplant / web feeder
communal caterpillar of Scythropia crataegella feeds from web on live leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Skeletocutis nivea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Smaragdina affinis grazes on leaf? of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 5-6

Foodplant / visitor
imago of Stictoleptura scutellata visits for nectar and/or pollen flower of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 6-8

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Strossmayeria basitricha is saprobic on dead branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
extensively subiculate apothecium of Tapesia fusca is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / gall
Taphrina crataegi causes gall of live leaf margin of Crataegus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Tetrops praeustus feeds within moribund branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes hirsuta is saprobic on dead wood of Crataegus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Trichiosoma tibiale grazes on leaf of Crataegus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Tubaria dispersa is saprobic on buried, mummified berry of Crataegus
Remarks: season: late spring, early autumn
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Turdus viscivorus feeds on berry of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Valsa ambiens is saprobic on branch of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 10-5

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Venturia crataegi is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Crataegus
Remarks: season: 4-6

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Verpa conica is associated with Crataegus
Remarks: season: mid 4 - mid 5

Foodplant / gall
haustorium of Viscum album causes gall of branch of Crataegus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella reidii is saprobic on litter of Crataegus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
erect, emergent from soil stroma of Xylaria oxyacanthae is saprobic on buried, fallen, fruit of Crataegus

Foodplant / internal feeder
caterpillar of Zeuzera pyrina feeds within live bud of Crataegus

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Barcode

Locations of barcode samples

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Collection Sites: world map showing specimen collection locations for Crataegus
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Statistics of barcoding coverage

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
                                                             
Specimen Records:202
Specimens with Sequences:541
Specimens with Barcodes:208
Public Records:23
Species:49
Species With Barcodes:49
  
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Barcode data

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Download FASTA File
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Wikipedia

Crataegus

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Hawthorn (Crataegus, pronounced /krəˈtiːɡəs/)[4] is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. It is the state flower of Missouri. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the Common Hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. However the name is now also applied to the entire genus, and also to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.

Close up of the flowers of Common Hawthorn, commonly known as may or mayblossom.

They are shrubs or small trees, mostly growing to 5-15 m tall[5], with small pome fruit and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the trunk, and are typically 1-3 cm long (recorded as up to 11.5 cm in one case[5]page 97). The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots, and in clusters on spur shoots on the branches or twigs. The leaves of most species have lobed or serrate margins and are somewhat variable in shape. The fruit, sometimes known as a "haw", is berry-like, but structurally a pome containing from 1 to 5 pyrenes that resemble the "stones" of plums, peaches, etc. which are drupaceous fruit in the same subfamily.

Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and mammals, and the flowers are important for many nectar-feeding insects. Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species[citation needed]. Haws are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings; these birds eat the haws and disperse the seeds in their droppings.

Many species and hybrids are used as ornamental and street trees. The Common Hawthorn is extensively used in Europe as a hedge plant. Several cultivars of the Midland Hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water conservation landscapes[citation needed].

Contents

Propagation

Although it is commonly stated that hawthorns can be propagated by cutting, this is difficult to achieve with rootless stem pieces. Small plants or suckers are often transplanted from the wild. Seeds require stratification and take one or two years to germinate[6]. Seed germination is improved if the pyrenes that contain the seed are subjected to extensive drying at room temperature, before stratification[7]. Uncommon forms can be grafted onto seedlings of other species[6].

Taxonomy

The number of species in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation. Some botanists in the past recognised a thousand or more species,[8] many of which are apomictic microspecies. It is estimated that a reasonable number is 200 species,[5] but it is not yet clear how many species should be recognized because "a large portion of the synonymy, especially in North American Crataegus, has not been worked out."[9]

Selected species

Some horticulturally important hybrids

Uses

Culinary use

The fruits of the species Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese Hawthorn) are tart, bright red, and resemble small crabapple fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, including haw flakes and tanghulu (糖葫芦). The fruits, which are called shānzhā (山楂) in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages, and other drinks [2]. In South Korea, a liquor called sansachun (산사춘) is made from the fruits.[3]

The fruits of Crataegus pubescens are known in Mexico as tejocotes and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during the winter months. They are stuffed in the piñatas broken during the traditional pre-Christmas parties known as posadas. They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of tejocote paste, sugar, and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called rielitos, which is manufactured by several brands.

In the southern United States fruits of three native species are collectively known as mayhaws and are made into jellies which are considered a great delicacy. On Manitoulin Island in Canada, some red-fruited species are called hawberries. They are common there thanks to its distinctive alkaline soil. During the pioneer days, white settlers ate these berries during the winter as the only remaining food supply. People born on the island are now called "haweaters".

The leaves are edible and, if picked in spring when still young, they are tender enough to be used in salads.[10]

Medicinal use

Hawthorn products have significant traditional medicinal uses. "Hawthorn leaf and flower extract monopreparations" have received endorsement in evidence-based medicine for treating chronic heart failure[11].

The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (called shān zhā in Chinese) are used in naturopathic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, Crataegus cuneata (Japanese Hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in Western herbal medicine, where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function[12]. In recent years, this use has been noted and adopted by Chinese herbalists as well[12]. Hawthorn is also used as an aid to lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol, and treat some heart related diseases.

Clinical trials

Several clinical trials have assessed the ability of hawthorn to help improve exercise tolerance in people with NYHA class II cardiac insufficiency compared to placebo. One trial, at (300 mg/day) for 4 to 8 weeks, found no difference from placebo. The second trial, including 78 subjects (600 mg/day) for 8 weeks, found "significant improvement in exercise tolerance" and lower blood pressure and heart rate during exercise. The third trial, including 32 subjects (900 mg/day) for 8 weeks, found improved exercise tolerance as well as a reduction in the "incidence and severity of symptoms such as dyspnea" and fatigue decreased by approximately 50%[13].

In the HERB-CHF (Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic HF Study) clinical trial, 120 patients took 450 mg of hawthorn extract twice daily for 6 months in combination with standard therapy and a standardized exercise program. "No effects of hawthorn were seen on either quality-of-life endpoint (Tables 1 and 2), or when adjusted for LVEF" [14].

One study, consisting of 1011 patients taking one tablet (standardized to 84.3 mg procyanidin) twice daily for 24 weeks, found "improvements in clinical symptoms (such as fatigue, palpitations, and exercise dyspnea), performance and exercise tolerance test, and ejection fraction"[15].

Side effects

Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and dangerously lower blood pressure. Milder side effects include nausea and sedation.[16]

Other uses

Hawthorn rootstock on a medlar tree in Totnes, United Kingdom.

The wood of some hawthorn species is very hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America it was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts.

Grafting

Hawthorn can also be used as a rootstock in the practice of grafting. It is graft-compatible with medlar, and with pear, and makes a hardier rootstock than quince, but the thorny suckering habit of the hawthorn can be problematic[5].

Seedlings of Crataegus monogyna, have been used to graft multiple species on the same trunk, such as Pink hawthorn, pear tree and medlar tree, the result being trees which give pink and white flowers in May and fruits during the summer. "Chip budding" has also been performed on hawthorn trunks in order to have several branches of several varieties on the same tree. Such trees can be seen in Vigo, Spain and in the north west of France (mainly in Britanny).[citation needed]

Folklore

The custom of employing the flowering branches for decorative purposes on the 1st of May is of very early origin; but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the tree has rarely been in full bloom in England before the second week of that month. In the Scottish Highlands the flowers may be seen as late as the middle of June. The saying "Ne'er cast a cloot til Mey's oot" conveys a warning not to shed any cloots (clothes) before the summer has fully arrived and the may flowers (hawthorn blossoms) are in full bloom.[17][18]

The hawthorn has been regarded as the emblem of hope, and its branches are stated to have been carried by the ancient Greeks in wedding processions, and to have been used by them to deck the altar of Hymenaios. The supposition that the tree was the source of Jesus's crown of thorns gave rise doubtless to the tradition current (as of 1911) among the French peasantry that it utters groans and cries on Good Friday, and probably also to the old popular superstition in Great Britain and Ireland that ill-luck attended the uprooting of hawthorns. Branches of Glastonbury Thorn, Oxyacantha var. praecox, which flowers both in December and in spring, were formerly highly valued in England, on account of the legend that the tree was originally the staff of Joseph of Arimathea.[19]

In Celtic lore, the hawthorn plant was used commonly for rune inscriptions along with Yew and Apple. It was once said to heal the broken heart. In Ireland, the red fruit is, or was in living memory[citation needed], called the Johnny MacGorey or Magory.

Unopened buds.

Serbian and Croatian folklore notes hawthorn (Serbian глог / glog, Croatian glog) is particularly deadly to vampires, and stakes used for their slaying must be made from the wood of the thorn tree[citation needed].

In Gaelic folklore, hawthorn (in Scottish Gaelic, Sgitheach and in Irish, sceach) 'marks the entrance to the otherworld' and is strongly associated with the fairies.[20] Lore has it that it is very unlucky to cut the tree at any time other than when it is in bloom, however during this time it is commonly cut and decorated as a May Bush (see Beltane).[21] This warning persists to modern times; it has been questioned by folklorist Bob Curran whether the ill luck of the De Lorean Motor Company was associated with the destruction of a fairy thorn to make way for a production facility.[22]

Hawthorn trees are often found beside clootie wells; at these types of holy wells they are sometimes known as 'rag trees', for the strips of cloth which are tied to them as part of healing rituals.[23] 'When all fruit fails, welcome haws' was once a common expression in Ireland.

Gallery

The fruit of Common Hawthorn (C. monogyna)

Spring flowers, probably of the hybrid C. laevigata x monogyna

Crataegus pinnatifida fruit

Botanical drawing of Crataegus laevigata from Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885

Leaf of an unidentified American species

Pyrenes from the fruit of C. punctata

References and external links

Search Wikimedia CommonsWikimedia Commons has media related to: Crataegus
Search WikisourceWikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Hawthorn.
  1. ^ a b c Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43.
  2. ^ G. K. Schulze-Menz 1964. Reihe Rosales. in A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin
  3. ^ "Crataegus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-30. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?3040. Retrieved 2009-03-05. 
  4. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  5. ^ a b c d Phipps, J.B., O’Kennon, R.J., Lance, R.W. (2003). Hawthorns and medlars. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, U.K.
  6. ^ a b Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.
  7. ^ Bujarska-Borkowska, B. (2002). Breaking of seed dormancy, germination and seedling emergence of the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Dendrobiology. 47(Supplement): 61–70.
  8. ^ Palmer, E.J. (1925). Synopsis of North American Crataegi. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 6(1-2): 5–128.
  9. ^ Phipps, J.B.; Robertson, K.R.; Smith, P.G.; Rohrer, J.R. (1990). A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany. 68(10): 2209–2269.
  10. ^ Richard Mabey, Food for Free, Collins, October 2001.
  11. ^ Pittler, M.H., et al. (2008). Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2008(1).
  12. ^ a b [1]
  13. ^ Alternative Medicines for Cardiovascular Diseases--Hawthorn by Harry Fong & Jerry Bauman Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 16(4):1-8 (July 2002).
  14. ^ Aaronson K: HERB-CHF: Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic Heart Failure Trial. In, 2004
  15. ^ Sweet JMRBV (2002). Hawthorn: Pharmacology and therapeutic uses. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 59: 417-422
  16. ^ Sloan-Kettering - Hawthorn
  17. ^ "Scuil Wab: Wird O The Month - Mey". Scottish Language Dictionaries. 2003. http://www.scuilwab.org.uk/WirdOTheMonth/May2004.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-28. 
  18. ^ "Ne'er cast a clout till May be out". The Phrase Finder. http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/till-may-is-out.html. Retrieved 2008-05-28. 
  19. ^ "Hawthorn" article in the 1911 Encyclopedia
  20. ^ Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-207-7 p.345
  21. ^ Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs Dublin, Mercier. ISBN 1-85635-093-2 pp.86-127
  22. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2004-03-11). The Red-Haired Girl from the Bog: The Landscape of Celtic Myth and Spirit. New World Library. pp. 67. ISBN 978-1577314585. 
  23. ^ Healy, Elizabeth (2002) In Search of Ireland's Holy Wells. Dublin, Wolfhound Press ISBN 0-86327-865-5 pp.56-7, 69, 81
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