Tridacna — Overview

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Tridacna

Tridacna is a genus of large saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the subfamily Tridacninae, the giant clams. They have heavy shells, fluted with 4–6 folds. Mantle is brightly coloured. They inhabit shallow waters of coral reefs in warm seas of the Indo-Pacific region. These clams are popular in marine aquaria, and in some areas, such as the Philippines, members of the genus are farmed for the marine aquarium trade. They live in symbiosis with photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae). Some species are used as seafood.

Contents

Systematics and phylogeny

The genus contains two subgenera and the following species:[2][3]

Subgenus Tridacna (Tridacna)

Subgenus Tridacna (Chametrachea)

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An alternative older classification recognises a third subgenus Persikima containing T. derasa and T. tevoroa.[4] Recent biochemical studies have suggested that there may exist morphologically indistinct cryptic species.[5]

Anatomy

Compared to other clams, the soft mantle that secretes the shell is greatly expanded. The clams even have small lens-like structures called ocelli through which light penetrates.[6]

Ecology and behaviour

Tridacna clams are common inhabitants of Indo-Pacific coral reef benthic communities in shallower waters.[7] They live in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae (Symbiodinium) that grow in the mantle tissues.[8] Light penetrates the mantle through small lens-like structures called ocelli.[9] They are sessile in adulthood. By day, the clams spread out their mantle so that the algae receive the sunlight they need to photosynthesize, whereas the colour pigments protect the clam against excessive light and UV radiation. They get most (70-100%) of their nutrients from the algae and the rest from filter feeding.[10] When disturbed, the clam closes its shell. The popular opinion that they pose danger to divers who get trapped or injured between the closing sharp-edged shell is not very real, as the closing reaction is quite slow. Their large size and easy accessibility has caused overfishing and collapse of the natural stocks in many places and extirpation in some of the species.[11] They are being sustainably farmed in some areas.[12]

Artistic Use

Over a hundred examples of carved Tridacna shells have been found in archaeological expeditions from Italy to the Near East. Similar in artistic style, they were probably produced in the mid-seventh century, made or distributed from the southern coast of Phoenicia. The backs and interior perimeters of the shells show animal, human, and floral motifs, while the interiors typically show recumbent sphinxes. The umbo of the shell is in the shape of a human female or bird's head. They were probably used to store eye cosmetics.[13]

Images

Notes

  1. ^ "The Paleobiology Database". Paleodb.org. Retrieved 2012-05-20. 
  2. ^ WoRMS. (2009). Tridacna. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205753 on 2009-01-08.
  3. ^ Schneider, J.A.,and O´Foighil, D. Phylogeny of Giant Clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) Based on Partial Mitochondrial 16S rDNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 1, October, pp. 59–66, 1999
  4. ^ Benzie,J.A.H. and Williams,S.T. Phylogenetic relationships among giant clam species (Mollusca: Tridacnidae) determined by protein electrophoresis. Marine Biology (1998) 132: 123±133
  5. ^ Mohamed, N.M. et al., Molecular Genetic Analyses of Giant Clam (Tridacna sp.) Populations in the Northern Red Sea. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 1 (4): 338-342 (2006)
  6. ^ Murphy 2002, p. 25
  7. ^ Rosewater, J., The Family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1:347-408. 1965
  8. ^ Jantzen, C., et al. Photosynthetic performance of giant clams, Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa, Red Sea. Marine Biology (2008) 155:211–221
  9. ^ Murphy 2002, p. 25
  10. ^ Klumpp,D.W., Lucas,J.S., Nutritional ecology of the giant clams Tridacna tevoroa and T. derasa from Tonga: influence of light on filter-feeding and photosynthesis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Vol 107, 1994
  11. ^ J.W. Copland and J.S. Lucas, (Eds.), Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific Vol. 9, Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, Canberra(1988).
  12. ^ Murphy 2002, p. 28
  13. ^ Markoe, Glenn. Phoenicians. British Museum Press (2000).

References

  • Murphy, Richard C. (2002). Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Sea. Princeton, New Jersey: The Darwin Press. ISBN 0-087850-138-X. 

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