Chrysaora is a genus of the family Pelagiidae (Jellyfish).

Species

• Chrysaora achlyos Martin, Gershwin, Burnett, Cargo & Bloom 1997
• Chrysaora africana (Vanhöffen 1902)
• Chrysaora blossevillei Lesson 1830
• Chrysaora colorata (Russell 1964)
• Chrysaora caliparea (Reynaud 1830) [species inquirenda - Morandini & Marques (2010)]
• Chrysaora depressa (Kishinouye 1902)
• Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud 1830)
• Chrysaora fuscescens Brandt 1835
• Chrysaora helvola Brandt 1838
• Chrysaora hysoscella (Linné 1766) - compass jelly
• Chrysaora kynthia Gershwin & Zeidler 2008[nomen dubium - Morandini & Marques (2010)]
• Chrysaora lactea Eschscholtz 1829
• Chrysaora melanaster Brandt 1838
• Chrysaora pacifica (Goette 1886)
• Chrysaora plocamia (Lesson 1832)
• Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor 1848) - sea nettle
• Chrysaora southcotti Gershwin & Zeidler 2008
• Chrysaora wurlerra Gershwin & Zeidler 2008 [nomen dubium - Morandini & Marques (2010)]

References

• http://www.itis.gov/ accessed 5 January 2010

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The stinging sea nettle (Chrysaora) is a genus of particularly large true sea jellies (Scyphozoans).

The name may refer to the Atlantic sea nettle or East Coast sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha), a species of sea nettle that inhabits particularly Atlantic estuaries.

The name sea nettle may also refer to the Pacific sea nettle or West Coast sea nettle (Chrysaora fuscescens) (pictured to the right), another related species that is endemic to the Northeast Pacific Ocean. It is a common coastal species found along the west coast of North America from California to Alaska.

The Atlantic sea nettle is a bell-shaped invertebrate, usually semi-transparent and with small, white dots and reddish-brown stripes. Sea nettles without stripes have a bell that appears white or opaque. The nettle's sting is rated from "moderate" to "severe" and can be pernicious to smaller prey; it is not, however, potent enough to cause human death, except by allergic reaction. While the sting is not particularly harmful, it can cause moderate discomfort to any individual stung. The sting can be effectively neutralized by misting vinegar over the affected area. This keeps unfired nematocysts from firing and adding to the discomfort.^[1]

The sea nettle is radially symmetrical, marine, and carnivorous. Its mouth is located at the center of one end of the body, which opens to a gastrovascular cavity that is used for digestion. It has tentacles that surround the mouth to capture food. Nettles have no excretory or respiratory organs. Each sea nettle is free-swimming and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Feeding habits

Sea nettle swimming

Stinging sea nettles are carnivorous. They generally feed on zooplankton, ctenophores, other jellies, and sometimes crustaceans. Nettles immobilize and obtain their prey using their stinging tentacles. After that, the prey is transported to the gastrovascular cavity where it is subsequently digested.

Nettles also eat young minnows, bay anchovy eggs, worms, and mosquito larvae.

Defense mechanisms

Each nettle tentacle is coated with thousands of microscopic nematocysts; in turn, every individual nematocyst has a "trigger" (cnidocil) paired with a capsule containing a coiled stinging filament. Upon contact, the cnidocil will immediately initiate a process which ejects the venom-coated filament from its capsule and into the target. This will inject toxins capable of killing smaller prey or stunning perceived predators. On humans, this will most likely cause a nonlethal, but nevertheless painful rash typically persisting for about 20 minutes. Some earlier cases of nettle stings from the Philippines reportedly had more severe effects: one account describes a sting causing vascular insufficiency, and another mononeuritis.^[2]

Rather than toxic substances, some nematocysts contain adhesion used to entangle or anchor its target.

Aquarium exhibits

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Sea nettles have become popular exhibits in many public aquariums, and have been instrumental in educating the public about the mysterious beauty of swimming jellyfishes. The Pacific sea nettle Chrysaora fuscescens was successfully cultured first on a large scale by the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California, where it remains a popular exhibit. It is abundant just offshore from central California to Washington State in the late summer. This species has been traded back and forth between aquariums, so may also be seen on exhibit in aquariums elsewhere in the world, including the American east coast, which may be confusing, since it is not found in the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic stinging sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha is also on display now in some public aquariums. The Pacific sea nettle is a warm reddish-brown color, often with no pattern on the outside of the bell (the "exumbrella"), but some individuals have a pale 16-32 rayed star pattern on this brown background. The Atlantic stinging sea nettle is smaller and has more variable coloration, but is typically pale, pinkish or yellowish, often with radiating more deeply-colored stripes on the exumbrella, especially near the margin. There are several other species of sea nettles in the world, but the others are not typically displayed in public aquariums. In the exhibits, jellyfish usually swim against the current in their tank, which is why they usually appear to be swimming downward.

Gallery

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Chrysaora fuscescens at the Vancouver Aquarium.	Pacific sea nettle at the Georgia Aquarium.	Sea nettle jellyfish at the Tennessee Aquarium.	Atlantic sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.	Atlantic sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
Atlantic sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.	Pacific sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora fuscescens) at the Vancouver Aquarium.	Pacific sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora fuscescens) at the Vancouver Aquarium.	Pacific sea nettle jelly (Chrysaora fuscescens) swimming down at the New England Aquarium.	Pacific sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora fuscescens) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
Pacific sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora fuscescens) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.	Pacific sea nettle jellyfish (Chrysaora fuscescens) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.	A Pacific sea nettle at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

See also

• Sea wasp

References